{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:48:05Z","timestamp":1782604085352,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001845","name":"Science for Equity, Empowerment and Development Division","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001845","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006087","name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Previous studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and birth spacing had limitations; few examined phenotypic case subtypes or explored underlying mechanisms for associations and none assessed whether other (non\u2010ASD) developmental disabilities (DDs) were associated with birth spacing. We assessed associations between inter\u2010pregnancy interval (IPI) and both ASD and other DDs using data from the Study to Explore Early Development, a multi\u2010site case\u2010control study with rigorous case\u2010finding and case\u2010classification methods and detailed data collection on maternal reproductive history. Our sample included 356 ASD cases, 627 DD cases, and 524 population (POP) controls born in second or later births. ASD and DD cases were further sub\u2010divided according to whether the child had intellectual disability (ID). ASD cases were also sub\u2010divided by ASD symptom severity, and DD cases were subdivided by presence of some ASD symptoms (indicated on an autism screener). Odds ratios, adjusted for maternal\u2010child sociodemographic factors, (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals were derived from logistic regression models. Among term births, ASD was associated with both IPI &lt;18 months (aOR 1.5 [1.1\u20132.2]) and \u226560 months (1.5 [0.99\u20132.4]). Both short and long IPI associations were stronger among ASD cases with high severity scores (aORs 2.0 [1.3\u20133.3] and 1.8 [0.99\u20133.2], respectively). Associations were unchanged after adding several factors potentially related to the causal pathway to regression models. DD was not associated with either short or long IPI\u2014overall, among term births, or in any subgroup examined. These findings extend those from previous studies and further inform recommendations on optimal pregnancy spacing. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Autism Res<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> <jats:italic>2018, 11: 81\u201394<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated whether the amount of time between pregnancies was associated autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or other developmental disabilities (DD) in children. ASD was increased in second and later\u2010born children who were conceived less than 18 months or 60 or more months after the mother's previous birth. Other DDs were not associated with birth spacing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T06:02:48Z","timestamp":1511330568000},"page":"81-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Autism spectrum disorder and birth spacing: Findings from the study to explore early development (SEED)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1215-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura A.","family":"Schieve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin H.","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Drews\u2010Botsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayle C.","family":"Windham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health Richmond CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Newschaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dornsife School of Public Health Drexel University Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie L.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Ching","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Division of Research Oakland CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Croen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Danielle Fallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00601"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1260115","article-title":"Inter\u2010pregnancy interval and adverse outcomes: Evidence for an additional risk in health disparate populations","volume":"30","author":"Appareddy S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal\u2010Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0927"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"Blumberg S.J. 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