{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:50:28Z","timestamp":1789102228531,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]],"date-time":"2018-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kirson-Kolodner-Fedder Charitable Fund"},{"name":"Research grant to SDH"},{"name":"NIH STTR","award":["R41 MH111347-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41 MH111347-0"]}]},{"name":"Quadrant Biosciences Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with several oropharyngeal abnormalities, including buccal sensory sensitivity, taste and texture aversions, speech apraxia, and salivary transcriptome alterations. Furthermore, the oropharynx represents the sole entry point to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GI disturbances and alterations in the GI microbiome are established features of ASD, and may impact behavior through the \u201cmicrobial\u2010gut\u2010brain axis.\u201d Most studies of the ASD microbiome have used fecal samples. Here, we identified changes in the salivary microbiome of children aged 2\u20136 years across three developmental profiles: ASD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 180), nonautistic developmental delay (DD;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 60), and typically developing (TD;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 106) children. After RNA extraction and shotgun sequencing, actively transcribing taxa were quantified and tested for differences between groups and within ASD endophenotypes. A total of 12 taxa were altered between the developmental groups and 28 taxa were identified that distinguished ASD patients with and without GI disturbance, providing further evidence for the role of the gut\u2010brain axis in ASD. Group classification accuracy was visualized with receiver operating characteristic curves and validated using a 50\/50 hold\u2010out procedure. Five microbial ratios distinguished ASD from TD participants (79.5% accuracy), three distinguished ASD from DD (76.5%), and three distinguished ASD children with\/without GI disturbance (85.7%). Taxonomic pathways were assessed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes microbial database and compared with one\u2010way analysis of variance, revealing significant differences within energy metabolism and lysine degradation. Together, these results indicate that GI microbiome disruption in ASD extends to the oropharynx, and suggests oral microbiome profiling as a potential tool to evaluate ASD status.\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Autism Res<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>2018, 11: 1286\u20131299<\/jats:italic>\n                      . \u00a9 2018 The Authors.\n                      <jats:italic>Autism Research<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous research suggests that the bacteria living in the human gut may influence autistic behavior. This study examined genetic activity of microbes living in the mouth of over 300 children. The microbes with differences in children with autism were involved in energy processing and showed potential for identifying autism status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]],"date-time":"2018-08-14T15:26:17Z","timestamp":1534260377000},"page":"1286-1299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Oral microbiome activity in children with autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9579-6798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven D.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State College of Medicine Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics  Hershey PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Uhlig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadrant Biosciences, Inc.  Syracuse NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Afshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York Upstate Medical University Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology  Syracuse NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadrant Biosciences, Inc.  Syracuse NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Chroneos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State College of Medicine Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics  Hershey PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Tierney\u2010Aves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State College of Medicine Division of Rehabilitation and Development, Department of Pediatrics  Hershey PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York Upstate Medical University Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology  Syracuse NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank A.","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York Upstate Medical University Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology  Syracuse NY"},{"name":"State University of New York Upstate Medical University Department of Pediatrics  Syracuse NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-11-22"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"1649","article-title":"k\u2010SLAM: Accurate and ultra\u2010fast taxonomic classification and gene identification for large metagenomic data sets","volume":"45","author":"Ainsworth D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022238706604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038786"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01796.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341914"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"27458","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: The role of the mitochondria and the enteric microbiome","volume":"26","author":"Frye R. 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