{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:34:07Z","timestamp":1793172847170,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10DD000180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10DD000180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007590","name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10DD000750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10DD000750"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010346","name":"University of Colorado Denver","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10DD000181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10DD000181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010346","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007241","name":"Kaiser Foundation Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10DD000182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10DD000182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006920","name":"University of Pennsylvania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10DD000183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10DD000183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10DD000184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10DD000184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007890","name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10DD000498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10DD000498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Most prior studies examining maternal pre\u2010pregnancy body mass index (BMI) in relation to offspring autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have reported an association, though findings are not uniform and few have also examined gestational weight gain (GWG). Therefore, we examined both in the Study to Explore Early Development, a multi\u2010site case\u2013control study of children born in 2003\u20132006. Children identified from clinics, schools, and birth certificates were enrolled at ages 2\u20135 year and using standardized developmental evaluations, classified as: ASD, other developmental delays (DD), or population\u2010based controls. Maternal height, weight, and GWG were self\u2010reported during the telephone interview. Three primary weight risk factors were examined: (a) Pre\u2010pregnancy BMI, classified as underweight to obese, (b) GWG continuous and categorized as quintiles, and (c) Institute of Medicine clinical weight\u2010gain recommendations. Odds ratios adjusted (AOR) for sociodemographic and prenatal factors were calculated among term singletons, comparing the ASD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 540) or DD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 720) groups to the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 776). The AOR of ASD and maternal obesity was 1.37 (95%CI 0.98\u20131.92). Associations with higher GWG were stronger (Quintile5 vs. Quintile3 AOR = 1.58, 95%CI 1.08\u20132.31), and particularly so among overweight\/obese women (AOR = 1.90, 95%CI 0.98\u20133.68). DD was associated with maternal overweight and obesity (obesity AOR = 1.48, 95%CI 1.08\u20132.02), but not with total GWG or clinical recommendations. High maternal BMI and GWG are risk factors for other pregnancy and child outcomes, and our results suggest they may also represent modifiable risk factors for neurodevelopmental outcomes.\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Autism Res<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      2019, 12: 316\u2013327 \u00a9 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a large, national study, we found that children with autism were more likely than unaffected children to have mothers with higher weight gain during pregnancy; risk of autism may be even stronger if mothers were also overweight before pregnancy. Children with other developmental delays were more likely to have mothers who were overweight or obese before pregnancy, but not who gained more weight during pregnancy. Overweight and weight gain may represent factors that could be modified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T09:44:27Z","timestamp":1545385467000},"page":"316-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Maternal Pre\u2010pregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorder and other Developmental Disorders in Offspring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3882-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gayle C.","family":"Windham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Form the Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control CA Department of Public Health  Richmond California 94804"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Impact Assessment, Inc.  La Jolla California 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Lyall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.J. Drexel Autism Institute Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie L.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja V.E.","family":"Kral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7849-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Croen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research Program, Division of Research Kaiser Permanente  Oakland California 94612"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine  Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chyrise B.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1032-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Schieve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia 30341"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000425668.87506.4c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1027-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2269"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712608X311731"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1188"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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