{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:05:29Z","timestamp":1700525129746},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,15]],"date-time":"2011-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1310688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>: It has been questioned whether the process of twinning might be a risk factor for autism spectrum conditions (ASC) and autistic traits. <jats:italic>Aim<\/jats:italic>: We sought to determine whether autistic traits and probable disorder, as measured by the Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST), were more pronounced in twins compared to singletons. <jats:italic>Samples:<\/jats:italic> Data were analyzed from two large population\u2010based samples of UK children, twins (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 5,142 twin pairs, aged 8 years) and singletons (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2,805, aged 5\u20139 years). <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: Distributions of CAST scores in both groups were negatively skewed and scores for twins were more variable than singletons. Mean CAST total scores and standard errors (SE) were <jats:italic>not<\/jats:italic> significantly different for twins (5.1; SE 0.04) compared to singletons (4.9; SE 0.08). Moreover, contrary to expectations, the likelihood of scoring above the threshold for possible ASC was significantly lower in the twins than the singletons (OR = 0.69; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002). Subsidiary analyses of CAST scores according to sex, twin type, and subscale scores representing the subdomains of autism found a few significant differences (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01), but the effect sizes for these differences were small and none exceeded \u03b7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.005. The explanation for these small differences remains obscure, but the very small effect sizes mean they are of little importance. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: Our results do not provide evidence to support twinning as a risk factor in the development of autistic traits. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Autism Res<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> <jats:italic>2011,4:377\u2013382<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2011 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,15]],"date-time":"2011-07-15T22:50:34Z","timestamp":1310770234000},"page":"377-382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["No major effect of twinning on autistic 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