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Reports of differences in brain anatomy and function in high\u2010risk infants which predict later autistic behaviors are emerging, but although cerebellar and subcortical brain regions have been frequently implicated in ASD, no high\u2010risk study has examined these regions. Therefore, in this study, we compared regional MRI volumes across the whole brain in 4\u20136\u2010month\u2010old infants with (high\u2010risk, n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924) and without (low\u2010risk, n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200926) a sibling with ASD. Within the high\u2010risk group, we also examined whether any regional differences observed were associated with autistic behaviors at 36\u2009months. We found that high\u2010risk infants had significantly larger cerebellar and subcortical volumes at 4\u20136\u2010months of age, relative to low\u2010risk infants; and that larger volumes in high\u2010risk infants were linked to more repetitive behaviors at 36\u2009months. Our preliminary observations require replication in longitudinal studies of larger samples. If correct, they suggest that the early subcortex and cerebellum volumes may be predictive biomarkers for childhood repetitive behaviors. Autism Res<\/jats:bold> 2019, 12: 614\u2013627<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2019 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research<\/jats:italic> published byWiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Lay Summary<\/jats:title>Individuals with a family history of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at risk of ASD and related developmental difficulties. This study revealed that 4\u20136\u2010month\u2010old infants at high\u2010risk of ASD have larger cerebellum and subcortical volumes than low\u2010risk infants, and that larger volumes in high\u2010risk infants are associated with more repetitive behaviors in childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T03:16:29Z","timestamp":1551150989000},"page":"614-627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Familial risk of autism alters subcortical and cerebellar brain anatomy in infants and predicts the emergence of repetitive behaviors in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7627-9077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Pote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London London UK"},{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaheshta","family":"Sethna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kuklisova\u2010Murgasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lloyd\u2010Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyne","family":"Mercure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Busuulwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London London UK"},{"name":"GKT School of Medical Education King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimira","family":"Stoencheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1993-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Charman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C. 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