{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:15:20Z","timestamp":1791411320375,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1083334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1083334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is commonly reported by people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; autism) but the cause is unknown. Mutations in genes encoding synaptic proteins including Neuroligin\u20103 are associated with autism. Mice lacking Neuroligin\u20103 (Nlgn3\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) have altered brain function, but whether the enteric nervous system (ENS) is altered remains unknown. We assessed for changes in GI structure and function in Nlgn3\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. We found no significant morphological differences in villus height or crypt depth in the jejunum or colon between wildtype (WT) and Nlgn3\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. To determine whether deletion of Nlgn3 affects enteric neurons, we stained for neural markers in the myenteric plexus. Nlgn3\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice had similar numbers of neurons expressing the pan\u2010neuronal marker Hu in the jejunum, proximal mid, and distal colon regions. We also found no differences in the number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS+) or calretinin (CalR+) motor neurons and interneurons between WT and Nlgn3\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. We used\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      video imaging analysis to assess colonic motility under baseline conditions and observed faster colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) and an increased colonic diameter in Nlgn3\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice, although CMMC frequency was unchanged. At baseline, CMMCs were faster in Nlgn3\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice compared to WT. Although the numbers of neuronal subsets are conserved in Nlgn3\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice, these findings suggest that Neuroligin\u20103 modulates inhibitory neural pathways in the ENS and may contribute to mechanisms underlying GI disorders in autism.\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:bold>Autism Res<\/jats:bold>\n                        2020, 13: 691\u2013701\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      . \u00a9 2019 The Authors.\n                      <jats:italic>Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research<\/jats:italic>\n                      published byWiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      People with autism commonly experience gut problems. Many gene mutations associated with autism affect neuronal activity. We studied mice in which the autism\u2010associated\n                      <jats:italic>Neuroligin\u20103<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene is deleted to determine whether this impacts gut neuronal numbers or motility. We found that although mutant mice had similar gut structure and numbers of neurons in all gut regions examined, they had distended colons and faster colonic muscle contractions. Further work is needed to understand how Neuroligin\u20103 affects neuron connectivity in the gastrointestinal tract.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T09:36:00Z","timestamp":1555666560000},"page":"691-701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Colonic dilation and altered\n                    <i>ex vivo<\/i>\n                    gastrointestinal motility in the neuroligin\u20103 knockout mouse"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anita J. L.","family":"Leembruggen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3411-4543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gayathri K.","family":"Balasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University  Bundoora Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shana","family":"Schokman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University  Bundoora Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristy","family":"Swiderski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel C.","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jess","family":"Nithianantharajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa L.","family":"Hill\u2010Yardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University  Bundoora Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2007.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2007.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700028099"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2007.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn835"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1997.273.2.G422"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.11.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2009.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1993.tb01658.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0185(20010101)262:1<58::AID-AR1011>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0468-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1933"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111093108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10040484"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35103559"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(00)00127-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","volume-title":"The enteric nervous system","author":"Furness J. 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