{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:36:40Z","timestamp":1783543000025,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The higher prevalence of autism reported in blind children has been commonly attributed to the confounding effects of an underlying intellectual disability. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between symptoms of autism and blindness in adults with intellectual disability. We hypothesized that blindness can increase the probability of the autism phenotype, independent of known risk factors, that is, severity of intellectual disability and gender. A general population case register (population size of 0.7 million) was used to conduct two studies. The first study was on 3,138 adults with intellectual disability, using a validated autism risk indicator to study adults with visual impairment. This identified 386 adults with partial and complete visual impairment, both of which were associated with presence of high number of autistic traits (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The second study was only on those with congenital blindness using a standardized assessment tool, the Pervasive Developmental Disorder\u2014Mental Retardation Scale. Those with hearing impairment or unilateral, partial, and acquired visual impairment were excluded. Control groups were randomly selected from those with normal hearing and vision. Prevalence of the autism phenotype was higher among those with congenital blindness (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 46\/60; 76.7%) than their controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 36\/67; 53.7%) and this association was statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio = 3.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.34\u20136.89; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.008). Our results support the hypothesis that a congenital blindness independently affects psychosocial development and increases the probability of the autism phenotype. Early identification of autism could facilitate appropriate psychosocial interventions and educational opportunities to improve quality of life of people with blindness. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Autism Res<\/jats:bold> 2019, 12: 1411\u20131422<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although autism has been commonly reported in those with blindness, it is generally attributed to an accompanying intellectual disability. Current study, however, revealed that congenital blindness is independently associated with symptoms of autism. In spite of its high prevalence, autism can be overlooked in those with intellectual disability and blindness. Improving diagnosis in this population should, therefore, be advocated through raising awareness of this association to facilitate early access to services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T16:12:25Z","timestamp":1559059945000},"page":"1411-1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The relationship between symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and visual impairment among adults with intellectual disability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2765-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Kiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicestershire Learning Disability Service Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust  Leicester United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabyasachy","family":"Bhaumik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicestershire Learning Disability Service Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust  Leicester United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freya","family":"Tyrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bankart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Deaf Services, South West London and St. Georges Mental Health NHS Trust  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally Ann","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow  Glasgow United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traolach Sean","family":"Brugha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"DSM\u2010IV","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.04.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.059345"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1410800103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Children who have visual impairment and autism: Identifying and sharing practice (CD\u2010ROM)","author":"Bell I.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.174649"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2001.00366.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2002.00400.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.70.3.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0984-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2012","volume":"65","author":"Christensen D. L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance summaries"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Autism and blindness, research and reflections","author":"Dale N.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-018-9597-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","volume-title":"Mental capacity act","author":"Department of Health","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2009.01205.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"Autism spectrum disorders and visual impairment: Meeting student's learning needs","author":"Gense M. H.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02274.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2009.01175.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700049175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.278"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","volume-title":"Autism with severe learning difficulties","author":"Jordan R.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2612-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"Pervasive developmental disorders scale in mental retardation","author":"Kraijer D. W.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-5040-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2003.00567.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","volume-title":"ADI\u2010R autism diagnostic interview\u2010revised","author":"Le Couteur A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","volume-title":"Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule\u2010WPS (ADOS\u2010WPS)","author":"Lord C.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.06.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"More and better services for people with learning disabilities","volume":"15","author":"McGrother C. W.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2011.01430.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.00952.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.26.4.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v62i1.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2007.01608.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Autism and blindness, research and reflections","author":"Perez\u2010Pereira M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","volume-title":"Autism and blindness, research and reflections","author":"Pring L.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","volume-title":"Estimating the number of people with co\u2010occurring vision and hearing impairments in the UK","author":"Robertson J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111682"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002836"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02200.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Autism and Blindness, Research and Reflections","author":"Tager\u2010Flusberg H.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.1991.tb00684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3148.2007.00409.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","first-page":"470","article-title":"Visual impairment in people with severe and profound multiple disability: An inventory of visual functioning","volume":"50","author":"Broek E. G. C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disability and Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511582288"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation(2007)Vision 2020 The Right to sight global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness. Action plan 2006\u20132011. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/blindness\/Vision2020_report.pdf."}],"container-title":["Autism Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aur.2138","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aur.2138","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aur.2138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T02:21:57Z","timestamp":1694312517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aur.2138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aur.2138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2138","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-3792","1939-3806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3806","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}