{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:33:26Z","timestamp":1783125206386,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007566","name":"City, University of London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Two experiments tested the hypothesis that a plausible contributory factor of structural language impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is impaired declarative memory. We hypothesized that familiarity and recollection (subserving semantic and episodic memory, respectively) are both impaired in autistic individuals with clinically significant language impairment and learning disability (ASD<jats:sup>LI\/LD<\/jats:sup>); whereas recollection is selectively impaired in autistic individuals with typical language (ASD<jats:sup>TL<\/jats:sup>). Teenagers with ASD<jats:sup>LI\/LD<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 19) and primary school age children with ASD<jats:sup>TL<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 26) were compared with teenagers with learning disability (LD) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 26) without autism, and primary school aged typically developing (TD) children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 32). Both experiments provided strong support for the hypothesized links between declarative memory processes and lexical\u2010semantic facets of language in the two autistic groups, but not in the TD group. Additional findings of interest were that declarative memory processes and lexical\u2010semantic knowledge were also linked in the LD group and that the ASD groups\u2014and to a lesser extent the LD group\u2014may have compensated for declarative memory impairments using spared visual\u2010perceptual abilities, a finding with potential educational implications. Relative difficulties with familiarity and recollection in ASD<jats:sup>LI\/LD<\/jats:sup> and LD may help explain structural language impairment, as investigated here, but also the broader learning disabilities found in these populations. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Autism Res<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> <jats:italic>2020<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  <jats:italic><jats:bold>Autism Res<\/jats:bold> 2020, 13<\/jats:italic>: 1947\u20101958. \u00a9 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Language impairment and learning disability affect 45% of the autistic population yet the factors that may be contributing to them is remarkably under\u2010researched. To date there are no explanations of the lexical semantic (word meaning) abnormalities observed in ASD. We found that declarative memory is associated with lexical semantic knowledge in autism and learning disability but not in typical development. Difficulties with declarative memory may also be compensated for using visual\u2010perceptual abilities by autistic and learning\u2010disabled adolescents, which has positive implications for educationalists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T11:14:11Z","timestamp":1585048451000},"page":"1947-1958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Declarative Memory and Structural Language Impairment in Autistic Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7832-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Anns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Sussex  Falmer UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2644-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian B.","family":"Gaigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research Group City, University of London  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Hampton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology City, University of London  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9884-0627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dermot M.","family":"Bowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research Group City, University of London  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research Group City, University of London  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Autism and asperger syndrome","author":"Asperger H.","year":"1944"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69041-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.126.2.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01540396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70881-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0937-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3577.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02508.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2396941517742078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0508-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"The neuropsychology of autism","author":"Boucher J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026869"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511973918.013","volume-title":"Researching the autism spectrum","author":"Bowler D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(96)00054-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1978.tb00481.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action","author":"Cattell R. 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