{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:13:57Z","timestamp":1785208437994,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014370","name":"Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["385052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["385052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Little is known about how racial\/ethnic differences may influence attributions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and subsequent vaccine hesitancy, the latter of which refers to a continuum of concerns about vaccine safety that may lead to vaccine delays and\/or refusals. Two hundred and twenty\u2010five parents of children with ASD who were enrolled in the SPARK cohort (Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge) completed the <jats:italic>Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines<\/jats:italic> survey and the <jats:italic>Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire<\/jats:italic>. 28.9% of respondents (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 65) were vaccine hesitant (PACV score\u2009\u2265\u200950). Significant differences were observed between proportions of vaccine\u2010hesitant parents (VHP) in the White sample and combined samples of color (Asian, Black, Latinx, Multiracial, and Other): 22.8% of the White sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 39) versus 48.1% of the samples of color (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 26). White, non\u2010hesitant parents more often agreed with the <jats:italic>child's brain structure<\/jats:italic> as a cause of their child's ASD, while White, VHP more often agreed with the <jats:italic>deterioration of the child's immunity<\/jats:italic> as a cause. All VHP (regardless of race) agreed more often with <jats:italic>diet<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>their own decisions<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>vaccines<\/jats:italic> as causes. VHP of color more often agreed with <jats:italic>accident or injury<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>environmental pollution<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>their own general stress<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>their own emotional state<\/jats:italic> as causes. Future work should examine this phenomenon in larger, diverse samples to further understand differences across specific racial\/ethnic groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are vaccine hesitant, meaning they have concerns about vaccine safety and may delay\/refuse vaccines. We examined possible racial\/ethnic differences related to how common vaccine hesitancy is and which causes of ASD were typically endorsed among a sample of caregivers in the SPARK cohort (Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge). Higher proportions of parents of color were vaccine hesitant, and <jats:italic>all<\/jats:italic> vaccine\u2010hesitant parents agreed that \u201ctoxins in vaccines\u201d were a cause of their child's ASD. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Autism Res<\/jats:bold> 2020, 13: 1790\u20131796. \u00a9 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]],"date-time":"2020-07-25T06:44:27Z","timestamp":1595659467000},"page":"1790-1796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vaccine Hesitancy and Attributions for Autism among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Groups of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Psychology Service Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Texas Children's Hospital  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6666-4369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Kochel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Psychology Service Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Autism Center, Texas Children's Hospital  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDC health disparities and inequalities report\u2014United States, 2013","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2013","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019). Measles cases and outbreaks. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/measles\/cases-outbreaks.html."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8\u2009years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016","volume":"69","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7438-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300601"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2310-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0538"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3199"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"e2919","article-title":"The anti\u2010vaccination movement: A regression in modern medicine","volume":"10","author":"Hussain A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"African Americans and their distrust of the health care system: Healthcare for diverse populations","volume":"14","author":"Kennedy B. R.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cultural Diversity"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Mensah\u2010Bonsu N. E. Mire S. S. Sahni L. C. Berry L. N. Dowell L. R. Minard C. G. \u2026Goin\u2010Kochel R. P.(2019).Understanding vaccine hesitancy among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and parents of children with non\u2010autism\u2010developmental delays."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3442-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.2483"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2019). Facts on U.S. immigrants 2017. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.pewhispanic.org\/2019\/06\/03\/facts-on-u-s-immigrants\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2019.1622611"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"657","article-title":"Factors influencing African American mothers' concerns about immunization safety: A summary of focus group findings","volume":"97","author":"Shui I.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the National Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11096-0"}],"container-title":["Autism Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Faur.2339","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aur.2339","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aur.2339","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aur.2339","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T17:08:26Z","timestamp":1693847306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aur.2339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aur.2339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2339","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-3792","1939-3806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3806","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-01-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}