{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:28:41Z","timestamp":1793172521801,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Impairments in visuomotor integration (VMI) may contribute to anomalous development of motor, as well as social\u2010communicative, skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is relatively unknown whether VMI impairments are specific to children with ASD versus children with other neurodevelopmental disorders. As such, this study addressed the hypothesis that children with ASD, but not those in other clinical control groups, would show greater deficits in high\u2010VMI dynamic grip\u2010force tracking versus low\u2010VMI static presentation. Seventy\u2010nine children, aged 7\u201317\u2009years, participated: 22 children with ASD, 17 children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), 18 children with Attention\u2010Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and 22 typically developing (TD) children. Two grip\u2010force tracking conditions were examined: (1) a low\u2010VMI condition (static visual target) and (2) a high\u2010VMI condition (dynamic visual target). Low\u2010frequency force oscillations &lt;0.5 Hz during the visuomotor task were also examined. Two\u2010way ANCOVAs were used to examine group x VMI and group x frequency effects (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> = 0.05). Children with ASD showed a difficulty, above that seen in the ADHD\/FASD groups, tracking dynamic, but not static, visual stimuli as compared to TD children. Low\u2010frequency force oscillations &lt;0.25\u2009Hz were also significantly greater in the ASD versus the TD group. This study is the first to report VMI deficits during dynamic versus static grip\u2010force tracking and increased proportion of force oscillations &lt;0.25\u2009Hz during visuomotor tracking in the ASD versus TD group. Dynamic VMI impairments may be a core psychophysiologic feature that could contribute to impaired development of motor and social\u2010communicative skills in ASD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show difficulties using dynamic visual stimuli to guide their own movements compared to their typically developing (TD) peers. It is unknown whether children without a diagnosis of ASD, but with other neurological disorders, show similar difficulties processing dynamic visual stimuli. In this study, we showed that children with ASD show a difficulty using dynamic, but not static, visual stimuli to guide movement that may explain atypical development of motor and social skills.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T06:47:36Z","timestamp":1598251656000},"page":"2177-2189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Show Impairments During Dynamic Versus Static Grip\u2010force Tracking"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5545-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Lidstone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research Kennedy Krieger Institute  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faria Z.","family":"Miah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univerisity of Nevada, Las Vegas Medicine Ackerman Autism Center  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brach","family":"Poston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie F.","family":"Beasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univerisity of Nevada, Las Vegas Medicine Ackerman Autism Center  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart H.","family":"Mostofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research Kennedy Krieger Institute  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet S.","family":"Dufek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2229-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1301-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706273104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Life events and psychological functioning: Theoretical and methodological issues","author":"Cohen L. 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