{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:41:05Z","timestamp":1790728865037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54 HD079123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 HD079123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic may disproportionately impact parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Loss of services and supports, heightened fears about increased infection rates, and disruption of daily routines likely adversely affect the well\u2010being of children with ASD and their families. The goal of this study was to examine differences in psychological distress\u2013as defined by symptoms of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and hyperarousal\u2013between parents raising a child with ASD and parents in the US as a whole during the early stages of the pandemic (March\u2013April 2020). Parents raising a child with ASD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03556) were recruited through SPARK, a national ASD research registry, whereas a representative sample of parents in the US (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05506) were recruited from the Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel. All data were captured via online surveys. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regressions examined psychological distress at the item and summary score level. Parents of children with ASD reported higher levels of overall psychological distress (48% vs. 25%; aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.60, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.84, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Hyperarousal, or feelings of panic when thinking about COVID\u201019, was particularly prevalent among parents of children with ASD compared to parents in the US (25% vs. 9%; aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.38, 95% CI: 1.83, 3.07, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Findings highlight the importance of considering the policies and practices that contribute to poor mental health in parents, particularly those raising a child with ASD, to ensure mental health services remain accessible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined the mental health of parents raising a child with ASD during the early stages of the COVID\u201019 pandemic. Results demonstrated substantially higher levels of psychological distress, particularly those related to feelings of panic, among parents raising a child with ASD when compared to parents in the US as a whole. These data suggest the need for ensuring mental health services are accessible to parents, particularly those raising a child with ASD, during and after the pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T09:21:16Z","timestamp":1628328076000},"page":"2183-2188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Psychological distress among caregivers raising a child with autism spectrum disorder during the <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7637-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luther G.","family":"Kalb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kennedy Krieger Institute  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Badillo\u2010Goicoechea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calliope","family":"Holingue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kennedy Krieger Institute  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira E.","family":"Riehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Thrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Smail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiely","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kennedy Krieger Institute  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"White\u2010Lehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simons Foundation  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Fallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020341"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20060780"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hum0000227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200604002-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0416-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2189-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305857"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2015.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perceptions of families of individuals with autism Spectrum disorder during the COVID\u201019 crisis","author":"Manning J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2018.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center & Inquiries D20036USA202\u2010419\u20104300 | M.\u2010857\u20138562 | F.\u2010419\u20134372 | M. 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