{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:01:51Z","timestamp":1772118111986,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006618","name":"Donald R. and Esther Simon Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006618","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diverse large cohorts are necessary for dissecting subtypes of autism, and intellectual disability is one of the most robust endophenotypes for analysis. However, current cognitive assessment methods are not feasible at scale. We developed five commonly used machine learning models to predict cognitive impairment (FSIQ&lt;80 and FSIQ&lt;70) and FSIQ scores among 521 children with autism using parent\u2010reported online surveys in SPARK, and evaluated them in an independent set (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01346) with a missing data rate up to 70%. We assessed accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity by comparing predicted cognitive levels against clinical IQ data. The elastic\u2010net model has good performance (AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.876, sensitivity\u00a0=\u00a00.772, specificity\u00a0=\u00a00.803) using 129 predictive features to impute cognitive impairment (FSIQ&lt;80). Top\u2010ranked predictive features included parent\u2010reported language and cognitive levels, age at autism diagnosis, and history of services. Prediction of FSIQ&lt;70 and FSIQ scores also showed good performance. We show cognitive levels can be imputed with high accuracy for children with autism, using commonly collected parent\u2010reported data and standardized surveys. The current model offers a method for large\u2010scale autism studies seeking estimates of cognitive ability when standardized psychometric testing is not feasible.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with autism who have more severe learning challenges or cognitive impairment have different needs that are important to consider in research studies. When children in our study were missing standardized cognitive testing scores, we were able to use machine learning with other information to correctly \u201cguess\u201d when they have cognitive impairment about 80% of the time. We can use this information in research in the future to develop more appropriate treatments for children with autism and cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T09:54:33Z","timestamp":1634291673000},"page":"156-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Imputing cognitive impairment in\n                    <scp>SPARK<\/scp>\n                    , a large autism cohort"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3730-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Systems Biology Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LeeAnne","family":"Green Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative Simons Foundation  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy K.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative Simons Foundation  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The SPARK Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0394-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319852831"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12178"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Bayley scales of infant and toddler development","author":"Bayley N.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.184"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2250-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005596502855"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020734325815"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2358-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04857-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01954.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Differential ability scales","author":"Elliott C. 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