{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:34:07Z","timestamp":1793172847211,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24OD023382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24OD023382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2COD023375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2COD023375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Given inconsistent evidence on preconception or prenatal tobacco use and offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD), this study assessed associations of maternal smoking with ASD and ASD\u2010related traits. Among 72 cohorts in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes consortium, 11 had ASD diagnosis and prenatal tobaccosmoking (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08648). and 7 had Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) scores of ASD traits (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02399). Cohorts had diagnoses alone (6), traits alone (2), or both (5). Diagnoses drew from parent\/caregiver report, review of records, or standardized instruments. Regression models estimated smoking\u2010related odds ratios (ORs) for diagnoses and standardized mean differences for SRS scores. Cohort\u2010specific ORs were meta\u2010analyzed. Overall, maternal smoking was unassociated with child ASD (adjusted OR, 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72\u20131.61). However, heterogeneity across studies was strong: preterm cohorts showed reduced ASD risk for exposed children. After excluding preterm cohorts (biased by restrictions on causal intermediate and exposure opportunity) and small cohorts (very few ASD cases in either smoking category), the adjusted OR for ASD from maternal smoking was 1.44 (95% CI, 1.02\u20132.03). Children of smoking (versus non\u2010smoking) mothers had more ASD traits (SRS T\u2010score\u2009+\u20092.37 points, 95% CI, 0.73\u20134.01 points), with results homogeneous across cohorts. Maternal preconception\/prenatal smoking was consistently associated with quantitative ASD traits and modestly associated with ASD diagnosis among sufficiently powered United States cohorts of non\u2010preterm children. Limitations resulting from self\u2010reported smoking and unmeasured confounders preclude definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, counseling on potential and known risks to the child from maternal smoking is warranted for pregnant women and pregnancy planners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence on the association between maternal prenatal smoking and the child's risk for autism spectrum disorder has been conflicting, with some studies reporting harmful effects, and others finding reduced risks. Our analysis of children in the ECHO consortium found that maternal prenatal tobacco smoking is consistently associated with an increase in autism\u2010related symptoms in the general population and modestly associated with elevated risk for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder when looking at a combined analysis from multiple studies that each included both pre\u2010 and full\u2010term births. However, this study is not proof of a causal connection. Future studies to clarify the role of smoking in autism\u2010like behaviors or autism diagnoses should collect more reliable data on smoking and measure other exposures or lifestyle factors that might have confounded our results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T13:07:02Z","timestamp":1645708022000},"page":"551-569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Maternal tobacco smoking and offspring autism spectrum disorder or traits in <scp>ECHO<\/scp> cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irva","family":"Hertz\u2010Picciotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences and MIND Institute University of California, Davis School of Medicine  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5966-1036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan A.","family":"Korrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7697-3998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Ladd\u2010Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6398-7362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Karagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth  Hannover New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-0799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Lyall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.J. Drexel Autism Institute Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1582-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences and MIND Institute University of California, Davis School of Medicine  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5092-8136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne L.","family":"Dunlop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7849-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Croen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente  Oakland California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9514-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Dabelea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAD Center and Department of Epidemiology Colorado School of Public Health  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie L.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Maternal and Child Health; Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane S.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9948-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Daniele","family":"Fallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4683-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Karr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental &amp; Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk and Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School, Brown University Women and Infants Hospital in Rhode Island  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-4524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Leve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education University of Oregon  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2271-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8523-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuejuan","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2513-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Oken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2245-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon K.","family":"Sagiv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Sathyanaraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9479-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frances","family":"Tylavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5415-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather E.","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9511-2299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren S.","family":"Wakschlag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3628-0983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6692-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. Michael","family":"O'Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashelle J.","family":"Musci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"program collaborators for Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12040543"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170946"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000606"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0313-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-017-0111-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Social responsiveness scale (SRS)","author":"Constantino J. N.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS\u20102)","author":"Constantino J. N.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-013-8222-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62233-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313481506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000600"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ee9.0000000000000131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03593-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.79.9.1239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3029-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2465"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02589.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0384-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6702a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0029-7844(98)00318-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2014.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1522"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12261"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy as an environmental risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder behaviour. A review","volume":"57","author":"Langley K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatrica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp7961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu249"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS)","author":"Lord C.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7011a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-01462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1552-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2016.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0238-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2745-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-3806(97)00092-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0501OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.25358"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw228"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.0624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01720.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199203000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(00)80134-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2327-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.02.012"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Meta: An R package for meta\u2010analysis","volume":"7","author":"Schwarzer G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4347"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14942"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.2514"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115885"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767051003758887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120910418"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2012.703977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-017-0129-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17812"}],"container-title":["Autism Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aur.2665","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aur.2665","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aur.2665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T12:52:55Z","timestamp":1693140775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aur.2665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aur.2665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2665","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-3792","1939-3806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3806","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}