{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:43:04Z","timestamp":1780544584465,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000073","name":"Autism Speaks","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parental age is a known risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), however, studies to identify the biologic changes underpinning this association are limited. In recent years, \u201cepigenetic clock\u201d algorithms have been developed to estimate biologic age and to evaluate how the epigenetic aging impacts health and disease. In this study, we examined the relationship between parental epigenetic aging and their child's prospective risk of ASD and autism related quantitative traits in the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation study. Estimates of epigenetic age were computed using three robust clock algorithms and DNA methylation measures from the Infinium HumanMethylation450k platform for maternal blood and paternal blood specimens collected during pregnancy. Epigenetic age acceleration was defined as the residual of regressing chronological age on epigenetic age while accounting for cell type proportions. Multinomial logistic regression and linear regression models were completed adjusting for potential confounders for both maternal epigenetic age acceleration (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0163) and paternal epigenetic age acceleration (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a080). We found accelerated epigenetic aging in mothers estimated by Hannum's clock was significantly associated with lower cognitive ability and function in offspring at 12\u2009months, as measured by Mullen Scales of Early Learning scores (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.66, 95% CI: \u22123.28, \u22120.04 for a one\u2010unit increase). We also observed a marginal association between accelerated maternal epigenetic aging by Horvath's clock and increased odds of ASD in offspring at 36\u2009months of age (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.12, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.26). By contrast, fathers accelerated aging was marginally associated with decreased ASD risk in their offspring (aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.83, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.01). Our findings suggest epigenetic aging could play a role in parental age risks on child brain development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T10:54:05Z","timestamp":1664794445000},"page":"2359-2370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Associations between accelerated parental biologic age, autism spectrum disorder, social traits, and developmental and cognitive outcomes in their children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1663-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley Y.","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Bakulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason I.","family":"Feinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Newschaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"College of Health and Human Development Pennsylvania State University  State College Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7849-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Croen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente  Oakland California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irva","family":"Hertz\u2010Picciotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences and The MIND Institute School of Medicine, University of California\u2010Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1582-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences and The MIND Institute School of Medicine, University of California\u2010Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homayoon","family":"Farzadegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-0799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Lyall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.J. Drexel Autism Institute Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Daniele","family":"Fallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5415-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather E.","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Ladd\u2010Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.125187.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0224-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2021.1897059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.775390"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Major psychological assessment instruments","author":"Cicchetti S. 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