{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:01:59Z","timestamp":1792112519423,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014370","name":"Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH121605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH121605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Some individuals can flexibly adapt to life's changing demands while others, in particular those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), find it challenging. The origin of early individual differences in cognitive abilities, the putative tools with which to navigate novel information in life, including in infants later diagnosed with ASD remains unexplored. Moreover, the role of intelligence quotient (IQ) vis\u2010\u00e0\u2010vis core features of autism remains debated. We systematically investigate the contribution of early IQ in future autism outcomes in an extremely large, population\u2010based study of 8000 newborns, infants, and toddlers from the US between 2 and 68\u2009months with over 15,000 cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal assessments, and for whom autism outcomes are ascertained or ruled out by about 2\u20134\u2009years. This population is representative of subjects involved in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)\u2010funded research, mainly on atypical development, in the US. Analyses using predetermined age bins showed that IQ scores are consistently lower in ASD relative to typically developing (TD) children at all ages (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and IQ significantly correlates with social, non\u2010social, and total Calibrated Severity Scores (CSS) on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01). Lower IQ is associated with greater autistic impairments. Note, verbal IQ (VIQ) is no better than the full\u2010scale IQ to predict ASD cases. These findings raise new, compelling questions about potential atypical brain circuitry affecting performance in both verbal and nonverbal abilities and preceding an ASD diagnosis. This study is the first to establish prospectively that low early IQ is a major feature of ASD in early childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of IQ scores in autism remains debated. We systematically investigate the contribution of early IQ in an extremely large study of 8,000 children between 2 and 68 months with autism outcomes by about 2\u20134\u2009years. We show that IQ scores are consistently lower in ASD relative to TD children. This study is the first to establish prospectively that low early IQ is a predictor for ASD diagnosis in early childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T06:56:04Z","timestamp":1668408964000},"page":"122-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The importance of low IQ to early diagnosis of autism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0104-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Denisova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Autism Origins and Mind and Brain Development, Division of Math and Natural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Queens College and Graduate Center City University of New York  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2718-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhichun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Autism Origins and Mind and Brain Development, Division of Math and Natural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Queens College and Graduate Center City University of New York  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-3014-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11069-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-116.5.331"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-019-0264-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Early childhood autism: Clinical, educational and social aspects","author":"Carr J.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01685.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.04.002"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Neural correlates of cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"73","author":"Denisova K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09028-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00596","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.596","article-title":"Cortical interactions during the resolution of information processing demands in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"7","author":"Denisova K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Differential ability scales","author":"Elliot C. D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04449-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2432-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1020775"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Autism: Explaining the enigma","author":"Frith U.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526770"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Cognitive development and cognitive deficit. The President's award lecture","volume":"5","author":"Frith U.","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frith U. (2021). When diagnosis hampers research.Autism Research 14(10) 2235\u20132236.","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2578"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0248-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01495061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0674-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bffb7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0280-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1978.tb00480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1719-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000390"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04772-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12715"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10101532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1970.tb00654.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic observation schedule, second edition (ADOS\u20102)","author":"Lord C.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7011a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mottron L. (2021). A radical change in our autism research strategy is needed: Back to prototypes.Autism Research 14(10) 2213\u20132220.","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","volume-title":"Mullen scales of early learning (AGS ed.)","author":"Mullen E. M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05227-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20071119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","volume-title":"Stanford\u2010Binet Intelligence Scales\u2010fifth edition","author":"Roid G. H.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","volume-title":"Essentials of Stanford\u2010Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5) assessment \/ Gale H. Roid and R. Andrew Barram","author":"Roid G. H.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.113.504.1183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5294.1926"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3554-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/07-0280)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","volume-title":"Vineland adaptive behavior scales","author":"Sparrow S. S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11067-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","volume-title":"Stanford\u2010Binet Intelligence Scale: Manual for the third revision form L\u2010M","author":"Terman L. M.","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320971107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues","author":"Wasserman J. D.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","volume-title":"Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2018.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13417"}],"container-title":["Autism Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aur.2842","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aur.2842","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aur.2842","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T17:35:46Z","timestamp":1692552946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aur.2842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aur.2842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2842","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-3792","1939-3806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3806","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}