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This study compares the cognitive (CE) and affective empathy (AE) abilities of youth with CD and ASD, their potential neuroanatomical correlates, and the influence of CU traits on empathy. Adolescents and parents\/caregivers completed empathy questionnaires (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009148 adolescents, mean age\u2009=\u200915.16\u2009years) and T1 weighted images were obtained from a subsample (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009130). Group differences in empathy and the influence of CU traits were investigated using Bayesian analyses and Voxel\u2010Based Morphometry with Threshold\u2010Free Cluster Enhancement focusing on regions involved in AE (insula, amygdala, inferior frontal gyrus and cingulate cortex) and CE processes (ventromedial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, superior temporal gyrus, and precuneus). The ASD group showed lower parent\u2010reported AE and CE scores and lower self\u2010reported CE scores while the CD group showed lower parent\u2010reported CE scores than controls. When accounting for the influence of CU traits no AE deficits in ASD and CE deficits in CD were found, but CE deficits in ASD remained. Across all participants, CU traits were negatively associated with gray matter volumes in anterior cingulate which extends into the mid cingulate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and precuneus. Thus, although co\u2010occurring CU traits have been linked to global empathy deficits in reports and underlying brain structures, its influence on empathy aspects might be disorder\u2010specific. Investigating the subdimensions of empathy may therefore help to identify disorder\u2010specific empathy deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T09:30:00Z","timestamp":1691400600000},"page":"1946-1962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Empathy deficits, callous\u2010unemotional traits and structural underpinnings in autism spectrum disorder and conduct disorder youth"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2872-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Tkalcec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Youth Psychiatry University Psychiatric Clinic  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bierlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Youth Psychiatry 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