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VPA has been used to reproduce the core symptoms of ASD in animal model organisms, including zebrafish. Visual system functioning is essential in the interpretation of social conditions and plays an important role of several behavioral responses. We hypothesized that behavioral deficits displayed by ASD patients may involve impaired visual processing. We used zebrafish as model organism to investigate the visual system after embryonic exposure to VPA using histological, behavioral and gene expression analysis. We analyzed the pineal gland of zebrafish and sleep\u2010like behavior to study how VPA exposure alters photo\u2010sensibility of zebrafish. VPA\u2010exposed zebrafish showed a delay in the development of the retina and optic nerve, which normalized at five days post fertilization. At larval stage, VPA\u2010exposed zebrafish showed sleep disturbances associated with a reduced number of serotonin\u2010producing cells of the pineal gland. In addition, the number of <jats:italic>hypocretin<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>orexin<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>hcrt<\/jats:italic>) expressing neurons in the rostral hypothalamus at 6 and 14\u2009days post fertilization was reduced. In conclusion, we demonstrated that although VPA exposure leads to a delay in visual system development, it does not affect larval visual function. The novel finding that VPA alters significantly cells involved in sleep regulation and the sleep\u2010like state itself may be relevant for understanding sleep disturbances in ASD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.3010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T12:07:47Z","timestamp":1693224467000},"page":"1877-1890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Zebrafish embryonically exposed to valproic acid present impaired retinal development and sleep behavior"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8154-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"DeOliveira\u2010Mello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki 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