{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:23:37Z","timestamp":1789039417605,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI\u2010EX110\u201011008PC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI\u2010EX110\u201011008PC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NTUH110\u2010S4826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTUH110\u2010S4826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with a high prevalence of visual dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the rates of amblyopia, refractive errors, and strabismus, as well as their clinical correlates in ASD. This population\u2010based matched\u2010cohort study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A total of 3,551 youths with ASD and 35,510 non\u2010autistic control participants matched by age and sex were included. All the participants were followed\u2010up until they were 18\u2009years old. The prevalence of amblyopia, refractive errors, and strabismus was compared between the ASD and control groups. Effect modifiers, including sex, ASD subgroup, and co\u2010diagnosis of intelligence disability, were examined. Compared to the control group, youths with ASD had a significantly increased risk of amblyopia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]\u2009=\u20091.75), anisometropia (aOR\u2009=\u20091.66), astigmatism (aOR\u2009=\u20091.51), hypermetropia (aOR\u2009=\u20092.08), exotropia (aOR\u2009=\u20092.86), and esotropia (aOR\u2009=\u20092.63), but a comparable likelihood of myopia according to age. Males with ASD had a significantly lower likelihood of exotropia, but a higher likelihood of myopia than females with ASD. The autism subgroup had a higher OR for hypermetropia, but a lower OR for myopia than the other ASD subgroups. ASD youths with intelligence disabilities demonstrated significantly higher ORs for amblyopia, hypermetropia, and all types of strabismus and lower OR for myopia than those without intelligence disabilities. In conclusion, the rates of amblyopia, refractive errors, and strabismus were higher in youths with ASD. Ocular abnormalities in youths with ASD require a comprehensive assessment and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.3019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T11:26:03Z","timestamp":1693049163000},"page":"2008-2020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ophthalmologic diagnoses in youths with autism spectrum disorder: Prevalence and clinical correlates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chi\u2010Shin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research National Health Research Institutes  Yunlin Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch  Yunlin Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu\u2010Hsun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Regeneration Center National Taiwan University Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010Ju","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes  Zhunan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3477-3015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Ling","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2008.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2086-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12286"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2431-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001190"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61380"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2013.786733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1300-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-016-1743-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.08.048"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"A 24.2\u2010Mb deletion of 4q12 \u2010\u2010> q21.21 characterized by array CGH in a 131\/2\u2010year\u2010old girl with short stature, mental retardation, developmental delay, hyperopia, exotropia, enamel defects, delayed tooth eruption and delayed puberty","volume":"22","author":"Chen C. P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genetic Counseling"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090220099030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09101470"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.159053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13772"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Ophthalmologic signs in children with autism","volume":"20","author":"Denis D.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal Fran\u00e7ais d'Ophtalmologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0009-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.08.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000308899"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.2.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00909.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31819e7203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.2259"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Strabismus surgery at the Puerto Rico medical center: A brief report","volume":"30","author":"Horta\u2010Santini J. M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318204509b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1475-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13908"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2428-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00972"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-2019-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12304"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incorporating development stratification of Taiwan townships into sampling design of large scale health interview survey","volume":"4","author":"Liu C.\u2010Y.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Health Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00151815"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04658-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0705-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2698-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.767"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2825"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-021-02283-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12975"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.063123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211070110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10945"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00881.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.4144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199206000-00004"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","first-page":"502","article-title":"Angelman syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Schneider B. B.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200402000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00513.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1870-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2006.00804.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","volume-title":"GeneReviews(\u00ae)","author":"Van Dijck A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210301300610"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131202"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","first-page":"282","article-title":"Genetic factors of concomitant strabismus","volume":"23","author":"Wei N. F.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32835ee548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304866"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1996.tb00602.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of autism and other developmental disabilities following questionnaire changes in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey","volume":"87","author":"Zablotsky B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"National Health Statistics Reports"}],"container-title":["Autism Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aur.3019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T11:01:40Z","timestamp":1749812500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aur.3019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aur.3019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.3019","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-3792","1939-3806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-3806","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}