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Rhythm perception and production skills are also key vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism which impact social communication. However, direct links between musical rhythm engagement and expressive communication in autism is not clearly evident. This absence of a direct connection between rhythm and expressive communication indicates that the mechanism of action between rhythm and expressive communication may recruit other cognitive or developmental factors. We hypothesized that social interactions, including general interpersonal relationships and interactive music\u2010making involving children and caregivers, were a significant such factor, particularly in autism. To test this, we collected data from parents of autistic and nonautistic children 14\u201336\u2009months of age, including parent reports of their children's rhythmic musical engagement, general social skills, parent\u2013child musical interactions, and expressive communication skills. Path analysis revealed a system of independent, indirect pathways from rhythmic musical engagement to expressive communication via social skills and parent\u2013child musical interactions in autistic toddlers. Such a system implies both that social and musical interactions represent crucial links between rhythm and language and that different kinds of social interactions play parallel, independent roles linking rhythmic musical engagement with expressive communication skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.3090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T11:54:51Z","timestamp":1704887691000},"page":"338-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Social interaction links active musical rhythm engagement and expressive communication in autistic toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah R.","family":"Fram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee 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