{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T08:34:19Z","timestamp":1792139659267,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale: Second Edition (CARS2) in diagnosing individuals with autism in Iran. A mixed\u2010method approach was used and 313 participants were recruited, with an age range of 2\u201332\u2009years, for CARS2\u2010Standard Form (ST) and 218 individuals aged 6\u201325\u2009years for CARS2\u2010High Functioning (HF). The participants were recruited from daycare centers, schools, and clinics with different developmental trajectories: autism, intellectual disabilities, and neurotypical development. All participants with autism and intellectual disabilities had been clinically diagnosed previously. In addition, the CARS2\u2010Questionnaire of Parent Concerns (QPC) was used to gather qualitative data on 30 randomly selected parents and the perspectives of the 20 test administrators were also collected. The CARS2 had high internal consistency, inter\u2010rater reliability, and test\u2013retest reliability. Factor analyses revealed a one\u2010factor structure for CARS2\u2010ST and a three\u2010factor structure for CARS2\u2010HF. When adjustments were made to the cut\u2010off points, the discriminant analyses indicated that CARS2 effectively differentiated between those with autism and typical development but less so with persons who had intellectual disabilities. The qualitative data analysis and the extracted themes suggest that the CARS2\u2010QPC is a valid tool for collecting autism\u2010related information from parents. Our findings suggest that the CARS2 is broadly a reliable and valid instrument for diagnosing autism spectrum in Iran in the absence of more extensive assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.3309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T06:10:07Z","timestamp":1738649407000},"page":"541-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Childhood Autism Rating Scale Second Edition (<scp>CARS2<\/scp>) and Its Applicability in an Iranian Sample"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7965-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayyed Ali","family":"Samadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Health Research Ulster University  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameneh","family":"Mahmoodizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian Special Education Organization  Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Foladgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ordibehesht Autism Education and Rehabilitation Center  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahnaz Bakhshalizadeh","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raha Autism Education and Rehabilitation Center  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baran","family":"Lotfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baran\u2010e Mehr Autism Education and Rehabilitation Center  Neyshabur Razavi Khorasan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8102-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"McConkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Health Research Ulster University  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2013.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2021.101827"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1832-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Variability in Neuro\u2010Developmental Disorders","author":"Charman T.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2860-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1575"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2013.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2012.681340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318777243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_159_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.6078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartl K. 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