{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:25:58Z","timestamp":1780345558286,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal alcohol exposure has been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, its effects on developmental outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain unclear. We examined associations between prenatal alcohol exposure during the first trimester (PAE\u2010FT) and early learning ability, behavioral problems, and severity of autistic traits in preschool\u2010aged children in a large multi\u2010site case\u2013control study, the Study to Explore Early Development. Children were classified as ASD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091237) or population comparison without ASD (POP, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091334) after an in\u2010person assessment covering cognitive abilities and detailed autistic traits. Mothers completed questionnaires on their child's behavior and autism\u2010related traits, as well as their alcohol use during pregnancy. Of children in the ASD and POP groups, 18.5% and 20.2%, respectively, were exposed to PAE\u2010FT. Exposure to 3 or more alcoholic drinks per week was associated with increased externalizing behaviors (i.e., attention deficits and aggressive behaviors) in children in both the ASD and POP groups, and with exacerbated social communication and interaction deficits in children with ASD only. First trimester exposure to 1\u20132 alcoholic drinks per week was associated with early learning delays for children in the ASD group, but not the POP group. As expected, our findings suggest that PAE\u2010FT is associated with adverse behavioral development of children regardless of ASD status. However, PAE\u2010FT may exacerbate autism\u2010specific developmental problems and learning difficulties in children with ASD. Gathering a prenatal alcohol exposure history for children with and without ASD could contribute to a better understanding of developmental trajectories, aiding informed decisions for interventions and support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.70025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T02:56:18Z","timestamp":1743562578000},"page":"1087-1096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prenatal Maternal Alcohol Exposure During the First Trimester of Pregnancy in Relation to Early Learning Ability, Behavioral Problems, and Autistic Traits in Preschool Children With or Without Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lin H.","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelyn","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6440-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn","family":"DiGuiseppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April D.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Dunajcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"England","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia University Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa L.","family":"Crume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa D.","family":"Wiggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achenbach T.2013.\u201cChild Behavior Checklist.\u201dBurlington: Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment Case Classification.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1698-3_219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).2024.\u201cScreening for Prenatal Alcohol 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