{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:35:14Z","timestamp":1792798514591,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit a high prevalence (55%) of gastrointestinal symptoms (GISs) and gut dysbiosis. Most studies involving children with ASD have focused on behavioral symptoms but not GISs. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis investigated the effects of gut microbiota\u2013modulating interventions (GMMIs) on GISs and gut microbial composition in children with ASD. Five databases were searched for relevant domestic and international articles published from database inception until July 15, 2024. The meta\u2010analysis included human trials wherein children with ASD received prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation. Intervention effects were measured on the basis of \u03b1\u2010diversity, and genus\u2010 and phylum\u2010level data were analyzed using a random\u2010effects model and forest plots. This study included 19 trials (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091154). The results indicated that GMMIs significantly ameliorated GISs (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0017), reduced six\u2010item Gastrointestinal Symptom Index scores by 1.86 points (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0187), and significantly increased the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0205). Longer interventions (\u2265\u20098\u2009weeks) were more effective in ameliorating GISs. Limitations in this investigation include the fact that the included studies neither incorporated any dietary control groups nor collected relevant dietary data, and the relatively small sample size (19 studies) may have hindered the identification of sources of heterogeneity in the pooled results. Overall, our findings suggest that GMMIs, especially probiotics, ameliorate GISs in children with ASD by modulating gut microbial composition, particularly by increasing the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. These interventions may alleviate symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, abnormal stool consistency and smell, flatulence, and abdominal pain. Our evidence supports that treatments involving GMMIs can be considered for children with ASD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.70091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T09:27:28Z","timestamp":1753176448000},"page":"1877-1895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ameliorating Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder by Modulating the Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hsuan\u2010Hsuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngan Thi Kim","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate and Graduate Programs in Nutrition Science National Taiwan Normal University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roma","family":"Panwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1466-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching\u2010I","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences Chang Gung University of Science and Technology  Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu\u2010Wen L.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Science Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3723-560X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyh\u2010Hsiang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Food Safety Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114159"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.102026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112690"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u2010230X\u201011\u201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031\u2010020\u201001500\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2018.0156"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489\u2010022\u201000348\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041623"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221082710"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12080720"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620\u2010006\u20109120\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009\u20101878C"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.101502"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, Six Sites, United States, 2000","volume":"56","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2007","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 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