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A considerable proportion of autistic individuals experience divergent auditory perception, which can interfere with their ability to navigate everyday sound environments. Auditory brainstem responses are electrophysiological potentials elicited by auditory stimuli that evaluate neural activity along the auditory nerve and brainstem. Importantly, the auditory brainstem response varies by sex, with females typically showing higher amplitudes and shorter latencies than males. This sex\u2010specific neurophysiological profile is especially relevant in autism research, where the male\u2010to\u2010female diagnosis ratio is approximately 3:1. Thus, exploring the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sex\u2010specific variations in autistic traits is essential. Furthermore, autism sensory profiles may vary based on the independent and mutual effects of environmental and genetic factors. To deepen this understanding, we examined auditory brainstem responses in two rat models of autism: the GRIN2B rare mutation model and the prenatal valproic acid induction model, alongside control animals. We assessed peak amplitudes and latencies (Waves I through V), inter\u2010peak intervals (I\u2013III, I\u2013V, and III\u2013V), and amplitude ratios (III:I, V:I, and V:III). Female rats generally exhibited greater amplitudes and longer latencies across waveforms. Regarding rat models, control animals consistently showed larger amplitudes and shorter latencies compared to autism\u2010like models. Exploratory analyses further suggested pairwise interactions between sex and rat model, indicating modulation of auditory phenotypes linked to autism. Thus, our findings reveal key insights into the effects of sex and rat model, as well as their interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.70125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T07:20:00Z","timestamp":1760685600000},"page":"2382-2408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex Differences in Auditory Brainstem Responses of Two Rat Models of Autism: Environmental and Genetic Contributions to Autism\u2010Like Auditory Function"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7272-9317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cacciato\u2010Salcedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Le\u00f3n (INCYL)  Salamanca Spain"},{"name":"Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL)  Salamanca Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine University of Salamanca  Salamanca Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4093-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana B.","family":"Lao\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Le\u00f3n (INCYL)  Salamanca Spain"},{"name":"Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL)  Salamanca Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine University of Salamanca  Salamanca Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0168-7572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel S.","family":"Malmierca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Le\u00f3n (INCYL)  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