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We analyzed data from a multi\u2010site case\u2013control study that recruited children aged 2\u20135\u2009years with ASD or non\u2010ASD developmental disorders and same\u2010age population controls. Parental demographics were collected from caregivers at study enrollment. Mullen Scales of Early Learning \u2264\u200970 was used to define ELD. Among children with a non\u2010US\u2010born parent (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091048), we used multinomial logistic regression to examine time from parental immigration to the child's birth in relation to ASD alone, ASD with ELD (ASD\u2009+\u2009ELD), and ELD alone compared to population controls. Having a non\u2010US\u2010born mother (regardless of the father's birthplace) versus a non\u2010US\u2010born father only was evaluated as a potential effect modifier. Among those with a non\u2010US\u2010born mother, closer proximity of maternal time of immigration to the child's birth is associated with increased odds for ASD\u2009+\u2009ELD and ELD alone. There was no significant association between years since US arrival and ASD alone. Among those with a non\u2010US\u2010born father only, we did not observe a significant relationship between time since paternal US arrival and ASD\/ELD categories. Our study suggests that time\u2010varying exposures among immigrant mothers may be of importance for the development of ASD\u2009+\u2009ELD and ELD alone in the offspring. These results may inform research into the etiology of ASD and ELD and ways to support immigrant women of childbearing age.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.70133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:49:53Z","timestamp":1761824993000},"page":"2419-2430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proximity of Maternal Time of Immigration to Child's Birth Is Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder With Early Learning Delay Among Immigrant Populations in the United States: Findings From the Study to Explore Early Development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9214-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaylynn","family":"Aiona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora 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University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brady","family":"Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen S.","family":"Durkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences and Waisman Center University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Magallanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado 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