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This study explored how both the quantity (frequency and duration) and quality (contingent interactions) of initiating joint attention (IJA) and responding to joint attention (RJA) during semistructured parent\u2013child interactions contribute to noun generalization in Mandarin\u2010exposed autistic children. Results revealed that children's IJA was positively associated with their ability to generalize nouns based on shape and expressive vocabulary, while caregivers' RJA was linked to autistic children's shape\u2010based noun generalization. Additionally, child\u2010initiated contingent interactions enhance shape\u2010based noun generalization in autistic children. These findings highlight the importance of both the quantity and quality of joint attention, suggesting that while joint attention broadly facilitates word learning, the temporal coordination of caregiver responses may play an important role in helping autistic children generalize object labels by shape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.70373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:56:11Z","timestamp":1791352571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contingent Interaction Contributes to Noun Generalization in Preschool Mandarin\u2010Exposed Autistic Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5974-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenwen","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Cognitive Development Lab, School of Foreign Languages Central South University  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6948-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi (Esther)","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Cognitive Development Lab, School of Foreign Languages Central South University  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2769-2392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Cognitive Development Lab, School of Foreign Languages Central South University  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-569X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Cognitive Development Lab, School of Foreign Languages Central South University  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2734-0379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaying","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Cognitive Development Lab, School of Foreign Languages Central South University  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_jslhr\u2010l\u2010rsaut\u201018\u20100027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010008\u20100601\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010004\u20102545\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1624"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010014\u20102092\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20107687.2005.00445.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(74)90012-2","article-title":"From Communication to Language\u2014A Psychological Perspective","volume":"3","author":"Bruner J. 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