{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:51:30Z","timestamp":1791352290378,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH121407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH121407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism Research"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Self\u2010determination has been assessed as an internal psychological construct. External factors may also affect self\u2010determination, but opportunities to make choices and decisions remain understudied. We developed and evaluated the AASPIRE\u2010Choices and Decisions Scale (AASPIRE\u2010CDS), a new measure of autistic adults' opportunities to make choices and decisions, using a community\u2010based participatory approach. We created and refined the AASPIRE\u2010CDS through an iterative process. Data from the AASPIRE Outcomes Project included 839 autistic adults participating through direct report, direct\u2010report caregiver\u2010supported, and caregiver report (CR). Exploratory and confirmatory analyses supported a unidimensional structure. Measurement invariance analyses supported configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance across report type without CR, and across living status, with and without CR. The AASPIRE\u2010CDS showed high internal consistency, test\u2013retest reliability, and preliminary responsiveness to change over time. Convergent validity analyses showed that higher AASPIRE\u2010CDS scores were associated with greater self\u2010determination and communication fluency, more independent living, and fewer support needs. The AASPIRE\u2010CDS showed weaker (albeit significant) associations with quality of life, overall health, and employment satisfaction than the self\u2010determination measure showed with these variables. This pattern suggests that opportunities for choice\u2010making are related to, but distinct from, commonly used measures of self\u2010determination. Findings support the AASPIRE\u2010CDS as a valid and reliable measure of choice\u2010making opportunities in autistic adults across support needs but suggest caution interpreting CR. They underscore the importance of supporting autistic adults' choice\u2010making and evaluating opportunities for choice alongside internal self\u2010determination. Future research should use larger CR samples to examine the validity of caregiver\u2010reported choice\u2010making opportunities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.70374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:36:17Z","timestamp":1791351377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self\u2010 and Caregiver\u2010Reported Choice\u2010Making in Autistic Adults: Development and Validation of the\n                    <scp>AASPIRE<\/scp>\n                    \u2013Choices and Decisions Scale"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1349-8031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Korea University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7292-3945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Gillespie\u2010Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department College of Staten Island (CSI) &amp; the Graduate Center of the City University of New York  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4440-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven K.","family":"Kapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education  Portland Oregon USA"},{"name":"School of Psychology, Sport, and Health Sciences, University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu\u2010Qin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Portland State University  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna \u201cFurra\u201d","family":"Wallington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8237-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora M.","family":"Raymaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education  Portland Oregon USA"},{"name":"School of Social Work, Portland State University  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8135-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education  Portland Oregon USA"},{"name":"Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Brandeis University  Waltham Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1195-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education  Portland Oregon USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Maxwell School, Syracuse University  Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7123-9663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joelle","family":"Maslak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6483-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Kripke\u2010Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3568-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willi","family":"Horner\u2010Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland Oregon USA"},{"name":"Oregon Health &amp; Science University \u2010 Portland State University School of Public Health  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Frowner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Baker\u2010Ericz\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interwork Institute, Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9394-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Nicolaidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education  Portland Oregon USA"},{"name":"School of Social Work, Portland State University  Portland Oregon USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2022.0102","article-title":"\u201cLiving Independently Means Everything to Me\u201d: The Voice of Australian Autistic Adults","volume":"6","author":"Al Ansari M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autism in Adulthood"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.919210","article-title":"Multiple\u2010Group Factor Analysis Alignment","volume":"21","author":"Asparouhov T.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613251332573","article-title":"Conceptualizing and Describing Autistic Language: Moving on From \u2018Verbal\u2019, \u2018Minimally Verbal\u2019 and \u2018Nonverbal\u2019","volume":"29","author":"Bottema\u2010Beutel K.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-1130.2008.00198.x","article-title":"Choice as an Aspect of Quality of Life for People With Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"6","author":"Brown I.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research","author":"Brown T. 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L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2024.102522","article-title":"Family Experiences With Supplemental Social Security Income and Legal Guardianship for Autistic Adults: A Mixed\u2010Methods Study","volume":"119","author":"Ferguson E. F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girolamo T. M.Birmingham K.Patel et\u00a0al.2024.Self\u2010Determination in Minoritized Autistic Adolescents and Adults (Preprint). medRxiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.02.24306799.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.02.24306799"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"Human Services Research Institute andNational Association of State Directors of Developmental Disabilities Services.2025.National Core Indicators\u2013Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (NCI\u2010IDD) National Report 2023\u20132024: Choice and Decision Making.https:\/\/idd.nationalcoreindicators.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/ips\u201023\u201024\u2010ch04\u2010choice_final.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-018-9607-z","article-title":"Examining Predictors of Self\u2010Determination in Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"30","author":"Jones J. L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-06941-6","article-title":"\u201cEveryone Uses Different Skills and Resources to Live Independently\u201d: A Brief Report on Autistic Young Adults' Perspectives on Independence and Daily Living Skills","author":"Kaplan\u2010Kahn E. A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13020106","article-title":"Profound Concerns About \u201cProfound Autism\u201d: Dangers of Severity Scales and Functioning Labels for Support Needs","volume":"13","author":"Kapp S. K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Education in Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0455-1","article-title":"The Importance of Adolescent Self\u2010Report in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Integration of Questionnaire and Autonomic Measures","volume":"47","author":"Keith J. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2018.12.002","article-title":"The Experiences of Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Self\u2010Determination and Quality of Life","volume":"60","author":"Kim S. 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R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Teachers College Record"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1352\/0047-6765(2008)46[12:DCIQOL]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Does Choice Influence Quality of Life for People With Mild Intellectual Disabilities?","volume":"46","author":"Neely\u2010Barnes S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613261476381","article-title":"Addressing Common Problems in Autism Research: Cohort Development and Sample Description for a Participatory, Real\u2010World, Longitudinal Study of Outcomes in Autistic Adults","volume":"30","author":"Nicolaidis C.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolaidis C. D. 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