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For diabetic patients who need to use insulin daily, the nasal pathway can be used as an alternative to subcutaneous injection. In this regard, intranasal insulin delivery as a user\u2010friendly and systemic administration has recently attracted more attention. In this study, a novel formulation consists of chitosan, chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (HTCC), and gelatin (Gel) was proposed and examined as a feasible carrier for intranasal insulin administration. First, the optimization of the chitosan\u2013HTCC hydrogel combination has done. Afterward, Gel with various amounts blended with the chitosan\u2013HTCC optimized samples. In the next step, swelling rate, gelation time, degradation, adhesion, and other mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of the hydrogels were studied. Finally, insulin in clinical formulation and dosage was blended with optimized thermosensitive hydrogel and the release procedure of insulin was studied with electrochemiluminescence technique. The optimal formulation (consisted of 2\u00a0wt% chitosan, 1\u00a0wt% HTCC, and 0.5\u00a0wt% Gel) showed low gelation time, uniform pore structure, and the desirable swelling rate, which were resulted in the adequate encapsulation and prolonged release of insulin in 24\u00a0H. The optimal samples released 65% of the total amount of insulin in the first 24\u00a0H, which is favorable for this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.1917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T13:50:20Z","timestamp":1586181020000},"page":"247-256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Synthesis and characterization of thermosensitive hydrogel based on quaternized chitosan for intranasal delivery of insulin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"AmirHossein","family":"Bahmanpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterial Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence) Amirkabir University of Technology  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ghaffari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterial Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence) Amirkabir University of Technology  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiman B.","family":"Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering &amp; Regenerative Medicine Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fathollah","family":"Moztarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterial Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence) Amirkabir University of Technology  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0232-352X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoud","family":"Mozafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering &amp; Regenerative Medicine Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2018.04.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v8i5-s.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00586"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2019.1571508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1580691"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b00848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00032.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2019.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1872208313666190924162831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1109-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2019.07.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"39","volume":"3","author":"Nasiri Zadeh S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioequivalence Bioavailab"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1511575"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"18763","volume":"8","author":"Ban M. 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