{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T14:34:08Z","timestamp":1747146848126,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biotech and App Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ongoing mutations of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 present challenges for vaccine development, promising renewed global efforts to create more effective vaccines against coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019). One approach is to target highly immunogenic viral proteins, such as the spike receptor binding domain (RBD), which can stimulate the production of potent neutralizing antibodies. This study aimed to design and test a subunit vaccine candidate based on the RBD. Bioinformatics analysis identified antigenic regions of the RBD for recombinant protein design. In silico analysis identified the RBD region as a feasible target for designing a recombinant vaccine. Bioinformatics tools predicted the stability and antigenicity of epitopes, and a 3D model of the RBD\u2010angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme 2 complex was constructed using molecular docking and codon optimization. The resulting construct was cloned into the pET\u201028a (+) vector and successfully expressed in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> BL21DE3. As evidenced by sodium dodecyl\u2010polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting analyses, the affinity purification of RBD antigens produced high\u2010quality products. Mice were immunized with the RBD antigen alone or combined with aluminum hydroxide (AlOH), calcium phosphate (CaP), or zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) as adjuvants. Enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay assays were used to evaluate immune responses in mice. In\u2010silico analysis confirmed the stability and antigenicity of the designed protein structure. RBD with CaP NPs generated the highest immunoglobulin G titer compared to AlOH and ZnO after three doses, indicating its effectiveness as a vaccine platform. In conclusion, the recombinant RBD antigen administered with CaP adjuvant NPs induces potent humoral immunity in mice, supporting further vaccine development. These results contribute to ongoing efforts to develop more effective COVID\u201019 vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T04:54:17Z","timestamp":1701406457000},"page":"314-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunogenicity of different nanoparticle adjuvants containing recombinant RBD coronavirus antigen in animal model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ataei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Fasihi\u2010R","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Kachoei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jafar","family":"Amani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Najafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"World Health Organization.WHO coronavirus (COVID\u201019) dashboard.Geneva:World Health Organization;2023; Available from:https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26207"},{"unstructured":"KhanYDSubunit vaccine against SARS\u2010COV\u20102 using CTL and HTL epitopes.Cambridge:ChemRxiv;2021.","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1"},{"volume-title":"Molecular biology of the cell","year":"2002","author":"Johnson AL","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.7.6.899\u2010903.2000"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.08.008"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026920"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c01978"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201020654\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"An integrated in\u2010silico approach to develop epitope\u2010based peptide vaccine against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","volume":"3","author":"Garg P","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coronaviruses"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2021.152091"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010082119\u2010124838"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.057"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201081749\u20109"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.04.009"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.19.104042"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Immunoinformatics approaches to explore B and T cell epitope\u2010based vaccine designing for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 virus","volume":"34","author":"Bashir Z","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.80"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","DOI":"10.1016\/1046\u20105928(92)90001\u2010d"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0076\u20106879(00)26058\u20108"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","DOI":"10.4103\/1947\u20102714.100998"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.10.032"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20101\u20104615\u20101823\u20105_8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1014"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S288877"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541\u2010021\u201000393\u20106"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010020\u201000402\u20105"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10060876"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28097"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.29.402339"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010096"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2079346"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010023\u201001557\u20107"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040649"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020387"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2206900"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.11.016"}],"container-title":["Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bab.2542","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T05:48:29Z","timestamp":1712728109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bab.2542"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bab.2542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bab.2542","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-4513","1470-8744"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0885-4513"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1470-8744"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}