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Elicitation with GO\u2013ZnS NP showed an increasing effect on H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , enzymatic, and nonenzymatic antioxidant activity under saline and non\u2010saline conditions. The concentration of 100\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    GO\u2013ZnS NPs produced the highest total phenolics content (TPC) (4.67\u2010fold), phenylalanine ammonia\u2010lyase activity (PAL) (9.85\u2010fold), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (3.07\u2010fold), catalase (CAT) (1.68\u2010fold), and antioxidant activity (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power [FRAP] assay) (7.42\u2010fold), compared to the control treatment (non\u2010salinity and non\u2010GO\u2013ZnS NPs). The total flavonoids (TFD) (2.26\u2010fold) and thymol (17.33\u2010fold) contents showed the highest increase under 300\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    GO\u2013ZnS NPs and salinity stress. Parallel with the significant increase in H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    activity (4.86\u00a0\u00b5mol\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    FW), the antioxidant activity (2,2\u2010diphenyl\u20101\u2010picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] assay) increased the most (91.42%) under the combined effects of 450\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    GO\u2013ZnS NPs and salinity stress. The results suggest that 100\u00a0\u00b5g GO\u2013ZnS NPs\u00a0mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    might be used as a new elicitor to increase the biosynthesis of total phenolics, thymol, and activity of PAL, APX, and CAT in\n                    <jats:italic>T. daenensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    through callus culture under salinity stress.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.70068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T04:16:36Z","timestamp":1761624996000},"page":"315-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Graphene Oxide\u2010Coated Zinc Sulfide NPs Stimulate the Antioxidant Activity and Biochemical Traits of\n                    <i>Thymus daenensis<\/i>\n                    Celak Under Salinity Stress: An In Vitro Assay"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0547-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooran","family":"Golkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Isfahan University of Technology  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Alimoradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Isfahan University of Technology  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Bazarganipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reihaneh","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Isfahan University of Technology  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose R.","family":"Peralta\u2010Videa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry &amp; Biochemistry, Chemistry and Computer Science Building The University of Texas at El Paso  El Paso Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-5611-9_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcw191"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-024-11294-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-022-09822-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/nbt2.12005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2025.109501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-025-03063-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2010.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/924797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra46642f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-023-01105-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/207239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/biolog-2016-0107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.107741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NJ00801E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsadv.2023.100370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8070484"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijpb13010003"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Nanoparticles as Novel Elicitors to Improve Bioactive Compounds in Plants","volume":"11","author":"Rivero\u2010Montejo S. 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