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Among 128 samples of raw cow milk from Barak Valley, Northeast India, 30.46% tested positive for\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)\u2010recommended methods. The\n                    <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, indicating pathogenic potential, was detected in 51% of the isolates. 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed 93%\u2013100% identity with known\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, and novel strains were registered in GenBank. In addition to the appearance of 16 vancomycin\u2010resistant strains, 97% were resistant to ampicillin and nalidixic acid, 74.3% exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), with an MDR index of \u22650.2, and 61.5% were methicillin\u2010resistant (\n                    <jats:italic>mecA\/mecC<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010positive), all of which are biofilm producers. The qualitative nature of the Congo red agar method likely contributed to the high biofilm development that was observed in 53.8% of the isolates. In contrast, the tissue culture plate (TCP) method identified 33.3% of the strains as strong biofilm producers, which was significantly correlated with the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>icaAD<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes (45%), suggesting that TCP offers a more accurate assessment. The co\u2010occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>mecA\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    +\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>mecC<\/jats:italic>\n                    (33.3%) and\n                    <jats:italic>icaA\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    +\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>icaD<\/jats:italic>\n                    (18%) indicates advanced resistance and genetic adaptation. Alternative antimicrobials\u2014ZnONPs and honey\u2014demonstrated promising antibacterial effects with average inhibition zones of 18.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.58 and 22.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.38\u00a0mm, respectively, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 15 to 30\u00a0mg\/mL. A total of 17.9% of the isolates were resistant to honey. All strains of lactic acid bacteria were effective against 97% of the isolates, with\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrating the strongest antimicrobial action (average of 14.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02\u00a0mm), indicating potential use in combating biofilm\u2010associated, drug\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.70076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T13:10:03Z","timestamp":1761657003000},"page":"1045-1069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antagonistic Effects of Probiotic\n                    <i>Lactobacillus<\/i>\n                    Strains on Multidrug\u2010Resistant\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    : Role of\n       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