{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:27:14Z","timestamp":1791358034771,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012095","name":"Scottish Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Clin Pharmacol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study is to describe the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of cancer in Scotland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The retrospective observational cohort study included patients aged 18\u2009years or older who commenced treatment with an ICI in Scotland between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2024. The National Systemic Anti\u2010Cancer Therapy (SACT) dataset was used to identify patients and obtain details on ICI treatments and patient characteristics. Additional data sources providing information on comorbidities were linked deterministically via a unique patient identifier. All analyses were descriptive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 10\u2009394 patients in Scotland initiated their first ICI treatment between 2018 and 2024; the number of patients initiating ICIs increased substantially year\u2010on\u2010year, from 764 patients in 2018 to 2233 patients in 2024. The most commonly prescribed ICI was pembrolizumab (56.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20095908), followed by nivolumab (16.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20091700) and atezolizumab (11.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20091170); treatment was most commonly initiated for lung and chest cancers (44.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20094585), skin cancer (18.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20091955) and urological cancers (14.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20091539). While the majority of patients (66.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20096923) initiated ICI monotherapy, combination therapies\u2014most commonly ICI with chemotherapy (18.4%, n\u2009=\u20091910)\u2014were also used. Overall, 6.6% of patients (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009681) were on treatment for more than 2\u2009years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the continuous addition of new ICIs, alongside the ever\u2010expanding list of approved indications for their use, the observed increase in ICI use is expected to continue. This increasing use of ICIs may pose challenges to health services\u2014for instance, an increase in immune\u2010related adverse effects\u2014with potential implications for clinical practice and future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bcp.70700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:32:36Z","timestamp":1784593956000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer in Scotland, 2018\u20132024: A national retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0418-4789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Public Health Scotland  Glasgow\/Edinburgh 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