{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:06:51Z","timestamp":1789373211892,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Clin Pharmacol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cyclizine is a long\u2010established, short\u2010acting drug, registered for preventing motion sickness, post\u2010operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and \u2018vomiting of known cause\u2019. The latter is not defined but may include pregnancy and patients receiving palliative care, historically accepted without large, controlled trials. Cyclizine is often described as an \u2018antihistamine\u2019 and sometimes \u2018anticholinergic\u2019, without citing primary literature. Mechanisms of antiemetic activity are poorly understood. We reviewed the published pharmacology of cyclizine with the aim of understanding its mechanism of antiemetic activity. Preclinical\/clinical studies were examined and findings interpreted with reference to known mechanisms of nausea and vomiting. Cyclizine antagonizes human H\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors and may cause mild drowsiness. Selectivity of action is unclear; therapeutic doses only weakly antagonize muscarinic ACh receptor(s). Motion sickness is ameliorated by H\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    antagonism within the vestibular system and associated brainstem nuclei. Mechanisms by which histamine may contribute to PONV are unclear. Perhaps histamine from mast cells and basophils stimulate\/sensitize abdominal vagal afferent nerves, synergising with other substances to cause vomiting. Any inhibition of vomiting by cyclizine during pregnancy is not understood; GDF15 is implicated, but relationships with histamine are unclear. Causes of nausea\/vomiting during palliative care can be complex, and cyclizine is used without understanding mechanisms. For all indications, it is unclear if nausea is reduced to the same degree as vomiting. There is no consistent evidence to support using cyclizine for vomiting during gastroparesis or chemoradiotherapy. The pharmacology of cyclizine and mechanisms of its antiemetic activity are poorly understood. Testable hypotheses are suggested.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bcp.70807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:19:06Z","timestamp":1789370346000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Histamine and the mechanisms of nausea and vomiting: Translating the uncertain pharmacology of cyclizine"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4231-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth J.","family":"Sanger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul L. R.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11389-X","article-title":"Pharmacologic properties of cyclizine hydrochloride (Marezine)","volume":"112","author":"Norton S","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00913"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"404","article-title":"The application of the antikinetic therapeutic agent \u201cmarzine\u201d in the treatment of radiation sickness","volume":"7","author":"Kuzma I","year":"1960","journal-title":"Neoplasma (Czechoslovakia)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542\u2010195507000\u201000012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742\u20101241.1968.tb04949.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228\u2010017\u20102317\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14257"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2009.0028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S13109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695\u2010017\u20103009\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X15618131"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2026.2682294"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15852"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17466"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)03673-0","article-title":"A pharmacological study of N\u2010methyl\u2010N'\u2010(4\u2010chlorobenzhydryl) piperazine dihydrochloride\u2014a new antihistaminic","volume":"96","author":"Castillo JC","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014\u20102999(74)90008\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20103565(25)27075\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c06358"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014\u20102999(71)90139\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102210\u20105\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373\u2010005\u20109053\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","first-page":"977","article-title":"The effect of cyclizine on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in man","volume":"51","author":"Brock\u2010Utne JG","year":"1977","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/50.3.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2024.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00565009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102125.1982.tb01399.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735\u20106757(96)90156\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360\u20100443.1989.tb00766.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216308094337"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665109001621"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0036933013508039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.23\u20106\u2010s95"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014\u20102999(99)00803\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165\u20106147(97)01139\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.10.027","article-title":"Histamine (H3) receptors modulate the excitatory amino acid receptor response of the vestibular afferent","volume":"1064","author":"Ch\u00e1vez O","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011\u2010004\u20100367\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.43.277"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Some pharmacological actions of cyclizine, chlorcyclizine and homchlorcyclizine","volume":"13","author":"Pendse VK","year":"1969","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476\u20105381.1959.tb00928.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Some cardiovascular actions of cyclizine, chlorcyclizine and homchlorcyclizine","volume":"13","author":"Madan BR","year":"1969","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20103565(25)11889\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03019133"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476\u20105381.1961.tb00306.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102044.2003.03362_22.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u2010510x(77)90109\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00518776"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24168"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18433\/jpps31771"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20108587(24)00087\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0928\u20100987(96)00177\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/tde\u20102016\u20100023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70084"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228\u2010001\u20100399\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102710.2001.00330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14696"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X22666240319123151"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157556"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2010.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306\u20104522(88)90167\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.34.431"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","first-page":"885","article-title":"Comparison of drowsiness induced by Bonamine and Marezine","volume":"29","author":"Lederer LG","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Aviat Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476\u20105381.1967.tb02152.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00912.x","article-title":"Effects of caffeine and cyclizine alone and in combination on human performance and subjective ratings","volume":"7","author":"Clubley M","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","first-page":"890","article-title":"Comparison of marezine and dramamine in preventing symptoms of motion sickness","volume":"68","author":"Weinstein SE","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"The effects on performance of cyclizine and pseudoephedrine during dry chamber dives breathing air to 30 metres' depth","volume":"35","author":"McGeoch G","year":"2005","journal-title":"South Pacific Underwater Med Soc (SPUMS) J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of anti\u2010motion sickness drugs from 1954\u20101964","volume":"36","author":"Wood CD","year":"1965","journal-title":"Aviat Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","first-page":"895","article-title":"Drugs used in motion sickness. A critical review of the methods available for the study of drugs of potential value in its treatment and of the information which has been derived by these methods","volume":"18","author":"Brand JJ","year":"1966","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","article-title":"Space motion sickness: combating nausea in space","author":"Haynes A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157015910790909511"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7874\/jao.2017.00171"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00412"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","first-page":"1171","article-title":"Lack of effects of astemizole on vestibular ocular reflex, motion sickness, and cognitive performance in man","volume":"58","author":"Kohl RL","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002800303700201"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","first-page":"392","article-title":"Control of nausea and autonomic dysfunction with terfenadine, a peripherally acting antihistamine","volume":"62","author":"Kohl RL","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bcp.70505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao0935","article-title":"Delivery of therapeutics to the inner ear: the challenge of the blood\u2010labyrinth barrier","volume":"11","author":"Nyber S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15010035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2011.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196\u20100709(89)90112\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.244475"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071101","article-title":"Histamine and its receptors in the mammalian inner ear: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Kong L","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f76151","article-title":"Histamine H1 receptors are expressed in mouse and frog semicircular canal sensory epithelia","volume":"19","author":"Botta L","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(88)90043-3","article-title":"Histamine and related substances influence neurotransmission in the semicircular canal","volume":"35","author":"Housley GD","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102238"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3731-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12256"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000341980"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199603220-00008","article-title":"Distribution of histaminergic axonal fibers in the vestibular nuclei if the cat","volume":"7","author":"Tighilet B","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1991.71.1.1","article-title":"Histaminergic transmission in the mammalian brain","volume":"71","author":"Schwartz JC","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02923-0","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of hesperidin against motion sickness by modulating histamine and histamine H1 receptor expression","volume":"45","author":"Desehtty UM","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(81)90240-2","article-title":"The distribution of histamine H1\u2010receptors in the rat brain: an autoradiographic study","volume":"6","author":"Palacios JM","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.11.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","first-page":"1054","article-title":"Role of histamine in motion sickness in Suncus murinus","volume":"62","author":"Kaji T","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1445867"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301\u20100082(97)00068\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012715.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u2010444\u201063912\u20107.00027\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010006\u20100217\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2015.1071700"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032196"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004125.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210\u2010200721100\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102044.2003.03189_6.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/85.5.678"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102044.2006.04794.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1975.tb00476.x","article-title":"A comparison of the efficacy of cyclizine and perphenazine in reducing the emetic effects of morphine and pethidine","volume":"2","author":"Dundee JW","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_111_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"The influence of cyclizine and perphenazine on the emetic effect of meptazinol","volume":"3","author":"Chestnutt WN","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg120"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.10.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102044.2005.04368.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540\u2010023\u201003199\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011\u2010004\u20100356\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542\u2010198202000\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102044.1993.tb06785.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1204000204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.676354"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_121_1","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Gastrointestinal disease, pathophysiology\/diagnosis\/management","author":"Ryan JC"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1967.212.1.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476\u20105381.1968.tb08479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2006.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476\u20105381.1976.tb07469.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1988.59.2.358"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010642\u201070479\u20106_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107580.2004.00256.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01716946"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2018.00152"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1999.276.5.L709"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00206.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01265-9","article-title":"Mediators of central neuronal activation following intestinal anaphylaxis in rat","volume":"289","author":"Kreis ME","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_136_1","volume-title":"Advances in vagal afferents neurobiology","author":"Carr MJ","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/121.6.403"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riae057"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGPO.2021.0119"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471\u20100528.17739"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a\u20102225\u20105883"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495\u2010200059040\u201000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175099"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03015257","article-title":"Anesthesia and emesis: I: etiology","volume":"31","author":"Palazzo MGA","year":"1984","journal-title":"Can Anaesth Soc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03015417"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410051211"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201006921\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14886"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201003258\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14818.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114229"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_154_1","first-page":"208","article-title":"Another function of the inner ear: facilitation of the emetic response to poisons","volume":"54","author":"Money KE","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520\u2010005\u20100897\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.19\u20104\u2010299"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520\u2010004\u20100629\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2022.27.4.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/spcare\u20102022\u2010003795"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/026921601678576239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20101253(24)00284\u2010X"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_162_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of patients with diabetic gastroparesis","volume":"6","author":"Parkman HP","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_163_1","first-page":"639","article-title":"Current and emerging therapeutic options for gastroparesis","volume":"14","author":"Myint AS","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2023.102195"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495\u2010198300251\u201000005"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_167_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Antiemetics for patients treated with antitumor chemotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Williams CJ","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Clin Trials"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1979.40.08.1057","article-title":"Control of radiation\u2010induced emesis with promethazine, cimetidine, thiethyperazine, or naloxone","volume":"40","author":"Cooper JR","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5303.507"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742\u20101241.1976.tb05150.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/68.3.380"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_172_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"Treatment of radiation sickness with marzine (cyclizine HCl)","volume":"26","author":"Jasinski W","year":"1962","journal-title":"Pol Przegl Radiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4591.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007803"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030656"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19850615)55:12<2766::AID-CNCR2820551207>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"The effect of susceptibility to motion sickness on the side effects of cancer chemotherapy","volume":"55","author":"Morrow GR","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes276"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102363","article-title":"The role of vestibular apparatus in the production of nausea and vomiting following administration of morphine to man","volume":"29","author":"Rubin A","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102982.2009.01425.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005\u20100408OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70229"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70230"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bcp.70807","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/bcp.70807","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bcp.70807","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:19:13Z","timestamp":1789370353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bcp.70807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":181,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bcp.70807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bcp.70807","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-5251","1365-2125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-5251","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"article-number":"bcp.70807"}}