{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T07:14:29Z","timestamp":1789456469240,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Clin Pharmacol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the potential impact of implementing pre\u2010emptive pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing in Singapore, focusing on prevalence and genetic actionability of PGx prescriptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic Health Records from 2014 to 2021 were obtained from the National University Hospital (NUH), a tertiary medical centre serving approximately 6% of Singapore's population, which were filtered for pharmacogenomically implicated medicines (CPIC Level A or A\/B), defined as PGx medications. Coupling this with published data of whole\u2010genome sequencing of 9051 Singaporeans, we estimated the proportion of patients whose prescriptions might have been modified based on pre\u2010emptive PGx at population level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 2014 to 2021, a total of 1\u00a0157\u2009359 unique patients were seen at NUH, with 38.1% to 43.0% of patients with prescriptions receiving at least one PGx medication annually, exhibiting minimal variance over year of prescription, sex or race\/ethnicity. The most frequently prescribed PGx medications were omeprazole, statins and tramadol, while the most implicated pharmacogenes were\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2C19<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>SLCO1B1<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The age\u2010dependent increase in PGx medication exposure varied significantly by sex, with males prescribed these medications earlier in life than females. Similarly, Indians and Malays were more likely to be prescribed these medicines at a younger age than Chinese. Based on frequency of PGx variants in Singaporeans, we estimate that 18.4% of patients could have their prescriptions modified from pre\u2010emptive PGx testing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacogenomically implicated medication prescriptions are common in Singapore and are particularly prevalent in elderly populations. Strategic investments in infrastructure and policy development will be pivotal to the successful integration of pre\u2010emptive PGx into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bcp.70815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:57:52Z","timestamp":1789455472000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of pharmacogenomically implicated prescriptions in multi\u2010ethnic populations in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5393-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zavier Zhe Xuan","family":"Loo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy National University Health System  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3623-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences St. Jude Children's Research Hospital  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean Zhuo Xuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy KK Women and Children's Hospital  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Thant","family":"Sin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Informatics Office National University Health System  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2929-8966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E Shyong","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, National University Hospital National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5676-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kee Yuan","family":"Ngiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Department of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9241-9236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine Ah Gi","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy National University Hospital  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0770-9659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun J.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences St. Jude Children's Research Hospital  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576\u2010022\u201000572\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15817"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3736"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15542"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2023.2178895"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dmpk.2025.101496"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70256"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34116-9","article-title":"Analysis of clinically relevant variants from ancestrally diverse Asian genomes","volume":"13","author":"Chan SH","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.019","article-title":"Large\u2010scale whole\u2010genome sequencing of three diverse Asian populations in Singapore","volume":"179","author":"Wu D","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"CPIC Prioritization.Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium. 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