{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:50:53Z","timestamp":1791183053966,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Clin Pharmacol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to improve the understanding of lithium's safety profile by analysing the frequency and distribution of reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) compared to second\u2010generation antipsychotics (SGAs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individual case safety reports from VigiBase (1968\u2013October 2023) involving individuals older than 2\u00a0years, with lithium or SGAs as a suspected or interacting drug, were included. Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) was used for ADRs classification. Proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated across different age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The lithium group contained 29\u2009897 reported ADRs. Proportional reporting patterns varied across age groups. In children, lithium was associated with a higher proportion of renal, endocrine, gastrointestinal, skin and cardiac ADRs compared to SGAs. SGAs showed proportionally more ADRs in females, whereas lithium displayed fewer and more balanced sex\u2010related differences. Renal impairment accounted for a larger proportion of lithium\u2010related ADRs in older adults compared to children. For SGAs, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events showed higher proportional reporting in both younger and older adults than in children. In contrast, thyroid\u2010related ADRs with lithium and weight\u2010related ADRs with SGAs were proportionally more common in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Renal, endocrine and gastrointestinal effects are observed in children using lithium, though serious outcomes like renal failure appear proportionally more often in older adults. SGAs also show age\u2010specific risk patterns, particularly metabolic and cardiovascular effects in adults. This emphasizes the ongoing need for individualized treatment and continued ADR monitoring and reporting to enhance the understanding of lithium's safety profile and support informed clinical decision\u2010making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bcp.70827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:52:41Z","timestamp":1791179561000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lithium\u2010related adverse drug reactions in children: A case\u2013control study comparing lithium to second\u2010generation antipsychotics in VigiBase"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9354-6429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa T.","family":"Ringeling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Rotterdam Clinical Pharmacometrics Group Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8389-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravish N.","family":"Gangapersad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Rotterdam Clinical Pharmacometrics Group Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Erasmus School of Economics Erasmus University Rotterdam  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Lieuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7452-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Souverein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5946-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eibert R.","family":"Heerdink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy Utrecht University Medical Centre  Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Research Group Innovation of Pharmaceutical Care University of Applied Sciences Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5634-4609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Garcia\u2010Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus School of Economics Erasmus University Rotterdam  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-282X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon H. J.","family":"Hillegers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit C. P.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Rotterdam Clinical Pharmacometrics Group Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5045-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bram","family":"Dierckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(15)00241\u2010X"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-022-00275-3","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions in the early course of bipolar disorder I or II: a report of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Taskforce on early intervention","volume":"11","author":"Ratheesh A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010021\u201001161\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych\u20102023\u2010101255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010031\u201085519\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2024.1814"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010009\u20100085\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991\u2010017\u20100143\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263\u2010013\u20100039\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215\u20100366(14)70314\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f3646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.04.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Richtlijnendatabase.Bipolaire stoornissen. Accessed November 2024.https:\/\/richtlijnendatabase.nl\/richtlijn\/bipolaire_stoornissen"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Bipolar disorder: assessment and managementAccessed Mar 2025.https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.000452011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12525"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangapersad RN Ringeling LT Bos HJ et al. \u201cLithium Dispensing Patterns in Dutch Youth: Prevalence Incidence Dosages and Duration of Use from 2011 to 2022.\u201d2025 submitted.","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.70134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2018.0139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010018\u20101622\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20106614\u20106\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345\u2010023\u201000316\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345\u2010023\u201000319\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345\u2010023\u201000287\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1753\u20102000\u20102\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009286150804200501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","unstructured":"Uppsala Monitoring Centre.Members of the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring. UMC. Accessed May 24 2024 https:\/\/who-umc.org\/about-the-who-programme-for-international-drug-monitoring\/member-countries\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","unstructured":"Uppsala Monitoring Centre.About VigiBase. Accessed May 24 2024 2024.https:\/\/who-umc.org\/vigibase\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010018\u20101177\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","unstructured":"FDA.Highlights of Prescribing Information for Lithium and Lithium Carbonate. Accessed 10 June 2024 2024.https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/017812s033 018421s032 018558s027lbl.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","unstructured":"ChristianR SaavedraL GaynesBN et al.Future Research Needs for First\u2010 and Second\u2010Generation Antipsychotics for Children and Young Adults. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). Accessed April 2 2025.https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK84656\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","unstructured":"MedDRA.MedDRA Hierarchy. Accessed March 27 2024https:\/\/www.meddra.org\/how-to-use\/basics\/hierarchy"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Implementation of monitoring and management guidelines for second\u2010generation antipsychotics","volume":"68","author":"Sernyak MJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010022\u201001949\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015\u20100743"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-016-0259-2","article-title":"Update on the safety of second generation antipsychotics in youths: a call for collaboration among paediatricians and child psychiatrists","volume":"42","author":"Pisano S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.15691221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/21684"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.700"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072515"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21279"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.03.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100258"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13462"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s104795111500147x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","unstructured":"Administration USFaD.New Pediatric Labeling Information Database: Risperdal (risperidone). Updated August 22 2007. Accessed August 27 2026 https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/sda\/sdDetailNavigation.cfm?sd=labelingdatabase&id=14CE032258AF1B7DE053564DA8C071F2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","unstructured":"Administration USFaD.Lithium and Lithium Carbonate: Highlights of Prescribing Information Institution: U.S. Food and Drug Administration.2018. Accessed August 27 2026.https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/017812s033 018421s032 018558s027lbl.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263\u2010014\u20100157\u20103"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bcp.70827","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/bcp.70827","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bcp.70827","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:52:43Z","timestamp":1791179563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bcp.70827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bcp.70827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bcp.70827","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-5251","1365-2125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-5251","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"article-number":"bcp.70827"}}