{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T20:51:23Z","timestamp":1760043083901},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,20]],"date-time":"2012-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biopharm &amp; Drug Disp"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>During pregnancy, the disposition of various drugs is altered due to changes in physiological condition, maternal gastrointestinal absorption, gastric secretion and motility. A fixed dose combination of antiretrovirals is commonly prescribed for the treatment of HIV infection. There is a need to understand the pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of efavirenz\u2013emtricitabine\u2013tenofovir in fixed dose combination during pregnancy. The pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of efavirenz\u2013emtricitabine\u2013tenofovir fixed dose combination was evaluated in timed pregnant and non\u2010pregnant Sprague\u2013Dawley rats at 30, 10, 15 mg\/kg p.o., respectively. The plasma, placental tissue, amniotic fluid and fetal tissue concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometric detector (LC\u2010MS\/MS). To summarize, the pharmacokinetic profile of efavirenz remained similar in the pregnant and non\u2010pregnant rats. However, a considerable difference in the pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine and tenofovir was observed in pregnant and non\u2010pregnant rats. Efavirenz and emtricitabine showed appreciable placental, amniotic fluid and fetal exposure compared with tenofovir. The present study suggests that a profound impact on antiretroviral pharmacokinetics was observed during pregnancy and there is a need to monitor the exposure levels of each drug when administered as a fixed dose combination during pregnancy. Further studies to explore the pharmacokinetic parameters of fixed dose antiretrovirals during the preclinical stage in a timed\u2010pregnancy rat model are required. Such studies can help in the development of safe and effective medications with a reduced risk of perinatal transmission of HIV\u20101 infection. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.1794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,18]],"date-time":"2012-05-18T12:04:46Z","timestamp":1337342686000},"page":"265-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pharmacokinetic profiling of efavirenz\u2013emtricitabine\u2013tenofovir fixed dose combination in pregnant and non\u2010pregnant rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Ramakrishna","family":"Nirogi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Discovery Research Suven Life Sciences Ltd  Banjara Hills Hyderabad 500034 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gopinadh","family":"Bhyrapuneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Discovery Research Suven Life Sciences Ltd  Banjara Hills Hyderabad 500034 India"},{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology JNT University, Kukatpally  Hyderabad 500072 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishwottam","family":"Kandikere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Discovery Research Suven Life Sciences Ltd  Banjara Hills Hyderabad 500034 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nageswararao","family":"Muddana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Discovery Research Suven Life Sciences Ltd  Banjara Hills Hyderabad 500034 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramanatha","family":"Saralaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Discovery Research Suven Life Sciences Ltd  Banjara Hills Hyderabad 500034 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prashanth","family":"Komarneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Discovery Research Suven Life Sciences Ltd  Banjara Hills Hyderabad 500034 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koteshwara","family":"Mudigonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Discovery Research Suven Life Sciences Ltd  Banjara Hills Hyderabad 500034 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Mukkanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology JNT University, Kukatpally  Hyderabad 500072 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS \u2018Overview of the global AIDS epidemic.2006. 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