{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T13:40:35Z","timestamp":1698068435012},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,7]],"date-time":"2006-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1139270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5304,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biopharm &amp; Drug Disp"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ionic environment of the eye is involved in major biochemical processes which are essential for preserving the integrity of cornea and lens. The purpose of the present study was to determine the <jats:italic>intra<\/jats:italic>\u2010ocular penetration and the pharmacokinetic parameters of calcium, chloride and sulphate ions in the cornea, iris\u2010ciliary body (ICB) and lens, after administration by instillation in the rabbit eye. In order to extrapolate our results to the processes occurring in man, we followed a precise instillation protocol using a low volume (5 \u03bcl) of <jats:sup>45<\/jats:sup>Calcium, <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>Chloride and <jats:sup>35<\/jats:sup>Sulphate, which is less than the lacrimal volume determined during the palpebral closing and performing manual blinking at a frequency of 2 min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup><\/jats:p><jats:p>The results indicate an immediate <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\u2010corneal permeability and a rapid ocular distribution of these ions. We observe that, relative to dose, an important percentage of calcium (67\u00b720 per cent) was entrapped in the cornea; this parameter was less important for chloride (10\u00b719 per cent) and for sulphate ions (3\u00b725 per cent). These values are in agreement with those predicted theoretically for <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\u2010corneal penetration by such compounds. On the other hand, the total degrees of penetration by chloride and sulphate ions in ICB (1\u00b740 per cent and 0\u00b790 per cent, respectively) and lens (0\u00b735 per cent and 0\u00b741 per cent, respectively) are quite similar. Calcium retention is much higher in these tissues (25\u00b739 per cent in ICB and 16\u00b703 per cent in lens). It seems likely that the higher degree of lens entrapment of calcium may be explained by the <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\u2010capsular electrical potential difference and the negative charge inside the lens and the presence of proteins possessing high affinity and binding capacity for calcium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510120602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,14]],"date-time":"2006-10-14T12:46:00Z","timestamp":1160829960000},"page":"403-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ocular pharmacokinetics of calcium, chloride and sulphate ions after instillation in the rabbit"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Hariton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Mandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"1188","volume":"24","author":"Hightower K. 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