{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:29:40Z","timestamp":1792290580284,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biopharm &amp;amp; Drug Disp"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Echinacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a widely used herbal supplement and is frequently co\u2010administered with antiviral drugs, raising concerns regarding potential herb\u2013drug interactions. This study evaluated the effect of repeated\n                    <jats:italic>Echinacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    administration on the pharmacokinetics of favipiravir and atazanavir in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered\n                    <jats:italic>Echinacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    (250\u00a0mg\/kg) or vehicle once daily for 10\u00a0days, followed by a single oral dose of favipiravir (70\u00a0mg\/kg) or atazanavir (35\u00a0mg\/kg). Plasma drug concentrations were quantified using validated LC\u2013MS\/MS methods, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis.\n                    <jats:italic>Echinacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    co\u2010administration did not significantly alter favipiravir exposure (\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 39,677\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05385 vs. 36,364\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05379 ng\/mL; AUC0\u2013t: 144,457\u00a0\u00b1\u00a017,267 vs. 104,840\u00a0\u00b1\u00a027,001\u00a0ng\u00a0h\/mL) or atazanavir exposure (\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 3274\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0256 vs. 4004\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0629\u00a0ng\/mL; AUC0\u2013t: 8962\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01667 vs. 10,645\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02949\u00a0ng\u00a0h\/mL). No relevant changes were observed in clearance, half\u2010life, or mean residence time for either drug. These findings indicate that repeated\n                    <jats:italic>Echinacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    administration does not result in a pharmacokinetically relevant interaction with favipiravir or atazanavir under the investigated conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.70034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:17:15Z","timestamp":1780132635000},"page":"114-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Atazanavir and Favipiravir Following\n                    <i>Echinacea<\/i>\n                    Supplementation: A Controlled Herb\u2013Drug Interaction Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0449-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siva Nageswara Rao","family":"Gajula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis GITAM School of Pharmacy GITAM (Deemed to be University)  Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Unit of Research on Translational Initiatives\u2010Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (MURTI\u2010SAIF) GITAM (Deemed to be University)  Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8964-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeevan Sai","family":"Kallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis GITAM School of Pharmacy GITAM (Deemed to be University)  Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1569-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aarika","family":"Kanukolanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis GITAM School of Pharmacy GITAM (Deemed to be University)  Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Korada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Unit of Research on Translational Initiatives\u2010Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (MURTI\u2010SAIF) GITAM (Deemed to be University)  Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6077-1099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshmi Vineela","family":"Nalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology GITAM School of Pharmacy GITAM (Deemed to be University)  Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13091235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102298"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659\u2010011\u20100029\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2015.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"EMA.2011.EMA. 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