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We review what is known about the maternal and fetal effects of seven biological threats:<jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>(anthrax); variola virus (smallpox);<jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>toxin (botulism);<jats:italic>Burkholderia mallei<\/jats:italic>(glanders) and<jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>(melioidosis);<jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>(plague);<jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>(tularemia); and<jats:italic>Rickettsia prowazekii<\/jats:italic>(typhus). Evaluating the potential maternal, fetal, and infant consequences of an intentional release of an infectious agent requires an assessment of several key issues: (1) are pregnant women more susceptible to infection or illness compared to the general population?; (2) are pregnant women at increased risk for severe illness, morbidity, and mortality compared to the general population?; (3) does infection or illness during pregnancy place women, the fetus, or the infant at increased risk for adverse outcomes and how does this affect clinical management?; and (4) are the medical countermeasures recommended for the general population safe and effective during pregnancy? These issues help frame national guidance for the care of pregnant women during an intentional release of a biological threat. Birth Defects Research 109:391\u2013398, 2017.\u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T08:05:29Z","timestamp":1489565129000},"page":"391-398","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Preparing for biological threats: Addressing the needs of pregnant women"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Amelia K.","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sascha","family":"Ellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracee","family":"Treadwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise J.","family":"Jamieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana M.","family":"Meaney\u2010Delman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104123441516"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.8.1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0456-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518147"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000857"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23558"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70150-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1936.92770340001007"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","first-page":"979","article-title":"Tularemia infection during pregnancy","volume":"31","author":"Bricker D","year":"1931","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","first-page":"722","article-title":"Certification of smallpox eradication","volume":"56","author":"Brilliant LB","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","unstructured":"Cangene Corporation.2010.Vaccinia immune globulin intravenous: package insert."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Smallpox vaccine no longer available for civilians\u2013United States","volume":"32","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1983","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2006.Botulism: treatment overview for clinicians. 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