{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:47:23Z","timestamp":1789757243835,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The World Health Organization currently recommends quinine+clindamycin for use against malaria in the first trimester. This may soon change to recommending artemisinin\u2010based combination therapies (standard duration of dosing = 3 days). The non\u2010artemisinin partner drugs include amodiaquine, lumefantrine, mefloquine, piperaquine, sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine, and pyronaridine. For quinine, clindamycin, and mefloquine and the combinations of sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine and artemether+lumefantrine, there are reports (including studies without internal comparison groups) that combined describe 304 to &gt;1100 exposures of women in the first trimester for each drug with no conclusive evidence of adverse effects on pregnancy at therapeutic doses. This is despite the fact that all of these drugs or drug combinations caused embryo deaths and\/or malformations in at least one animal species and all except lumefantrine had at least one exposure ratio &lt;1.<\/jats:p><jats:p>It now seems that these animal studies overestimated the risk of developmental toxicity in women with malaria. Three other non\u2010artemisinins (amodiaquine, piperaquine, and pyronaridine) have few or no reported exposures in women in the first trimester and have exposure ratios \u22642 based on studies in pregnant rats and rabbits with dosing throughout organogenesis. However, none of these drugs caused embryo deaths or malformations in pregnant rats and rabbits with the exception of pyronaridine, which caused embryo deaths only at a dose that was excessively toxic to the mothers. Thus, for amodiaquine, piperaquine, and pyronaridine, the testing in animals did not reveal findings of concern and the exposure ratios were in the range of the other non\u2010artemisinin antimalarials described above. Birth Defects Research 109:1075\u20131126, 2017. \u00a9 2017 The Authors. Birth Defects Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T07:09:01Z","timestamp":1498288141000},"page":"1075-1126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Animal Embryotoxicity Studies of Key Non\u2010Artemisinin Antimalarials and Use in Women in the First Trimester"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9563-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert L.","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Artemis Pharmaceutical Research Jacksonville Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.26719\/2004.10.4-5.560","article-title":"Quinine for chloroquine\u2010resistant falciparum malaria in pregnant Sudanese women in the first trimester","volume":"10","author":"Adam I","year":"2004","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"1400","article-title":"Mefloquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria during pregnancy in Eastern Sudan","volume":"25","author":"Adam I","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485909X398285"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(69)90032-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2014.907523"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Pyrimethamine combinations in pregnancy","volume":"2","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9926(200007)62:1<42::AID-TERA9>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2009.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"The effect of quinine administered to pregnant rabbits on the development of the fetal brain","volume":"20","author":"Belkina AP","year":"1958","journal-title":"Arkh Patol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Parasitic diseases in pregnancy and congenital parasitosis. Part I: Protozoan infections (Review, German)","volume":"203","author":"Bialek R","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327113475678"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000220630"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(74)90203-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-100-24695"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Malaria in pregnancy: current issues","volume":"19","author":"Brabin B","year":"1997","journal-title":"Afr Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469700005312"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2003.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"292","volume-title":"Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk","author":"Briggs G","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","first-page":"1188","volume-title":"Drugs in pregnancy and lactation","author":"Briggs GG","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.21014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.10008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-046884-6.01516-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20133"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","volume-title":"Update on overall prevalence of major birth defects \u2010 Atlanta, Georgia, 1978\u20102005","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).2011.Update: new recommendations for mefoquine use in pregnancy. Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/malaria\/new_info\/2011\/mefloquine_pregnancy.html. Accessed April 9 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).2013.Guidelines for Treatment of Malaria in the United States (Based on drugs currently available for use in the United States)Available at:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/malaria\/resources\/pdf\/treatmenttable.pdf. Accessed September 13 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(93)90091-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20115"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420300304"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(86)90157-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20163"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20165"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2009.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.22868"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.21189"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","unstructured":"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP).2011.European Public Assessment Report (EPAR) for Eurartesim. European Medicines Agency (EMA)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","unstructured":"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP).2016.European Public Assessment Report (EPAR) for Pyramax. European Medicines Agency (EMA)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1936.00640040645002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-270"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00178-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-4520.2004.00012.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198307000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2009.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90204-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90449-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0950-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002290"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","first-page":"CD007950","article-title":"Effects and safety of periconceptional folate supplementation for preventing birth defects","volume":"10","author":"De\u2010Regil LM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1979263372"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.3.1045-1053.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","first-page":"455","article-title":"[Effect of 2,4\u2010diamino\u20105\u2010chlorophenyl\u20106\u2010ethylpyrimidine on the embryonic development of rats]","volume":"163","author":"Dyban AP","year":"1965","journal-title":"Dokl Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2014.990596"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","unstructured":"Eli Lilly & Co.1987.Prozac (fluoxetine hydrochloride) capsules label \u2010 FDA. Available at:https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2011\/018936s091lbl.pdf. Accessed January 18 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","first-page":"24152","article-title":"A cross\u2010species scaling factor for carcinogen risk assessment based on equivalence of mg\/kg0.75\/Day","volume":"57","author":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","volume-title":"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), guideline on risk assessment of medicinal products on human reproduction and lactation: from data to labelling","author":"European Medicines Agency (EMEA)","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","first-page":"543","article-title":"[Pharmacokinetics of pyronaridine in malaria patients] (in Chinese)","volume":"8","author":"Feng Z","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20111"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)14644-0","article-title":"Plasmodium berghei dihydrofolate reductase. Isolation, properties, and inhibition by antifolates","volume":"5","author":"Ferone R","year":"1969","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for reproduction studies for safety evaluation of drugs for human use","author":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","volume-title":"Good laboratory practice for nonclinical laboratory studies. CFR \u2010 Code of Federal Regulations Title 21","author":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","volume-title":"Guidance for industry: estimating the maximum safe starting dose in initial clinical trials for therapeutics in adult healthy volunteers. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration","author":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","volume-title":"Guidance for industry reproductive and developmental toxicities \u2014 integrating study results to assess concerns. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Center for Biologics, U.S. Food and Drug Administration","author":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(85)90185-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of toxicity of anticancer agents in mouse, rat, hamster, dog, monkey, and man","volume":"50","author":"Freireich EJ","year":"1966","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610701814195"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Biochemical factors in the selectivity of leucovorin rescue: selective inhibition of leucovorin reactivation of dihydrofolate reductase and leucovorin utilization in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis by methotrexate and dihydrofolate polyglutamates","volume":"5","author":"Goldman ID","year":"1987","journal-title":"NCI Monogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-75"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001733"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001735"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813288","article-title":"Malaria\u2010related maternal mortality in urban Mozambique","volume":"92","author":"Granja AC","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.8.2356S"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90296-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00372-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Handbook of experimental pharmacology","author":"Hansen DK","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10072"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"A clinical trial of mefloquine on multi\u2010resistant falciparum malaria in pregnant women in Thailand","author":"Harinasuta T","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull Soc Franc Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408448509037463"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","first-page":"340","article-title":"Oral folic acid potentiates pyrimethamine teratogenesis in rat","volume":"87","author":"Hayama T","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","volume-title":"Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy","author":"Heinonen OP","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011303432204"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.10.961"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)91895-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470122723.ch9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/128.Supplement_3.S433"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000311216"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_1","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes: folate, other B vitamins, and choline","author":"Institute of Medicine, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_1","unstructured":"International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH).1993.Detection of toxicity to reproduction for medicinal products."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_1","unstructured":"International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH).2005.Detection of toxicity to reproduction for medicinal products & toxicity to male fertility S5(R2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_1","volume-title":"Prevention and control of malaria in pregnancy, reference manual for health care providers","author":"JHPIEGO","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420150110"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1078\/0940-2993-00233","article-title":"Distinguishing between adverse and non\u2010adverse effects. Session summary","volume":"54","author":"Karbe E","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00335-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420310115"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_1","volume-title":"Conception to birth: epidemiology of prenatal development. Monographs in epidemiology and biostatistics, Vol. 14","author":"Kline J","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_1","volume-title":"The development of the brain and its disturbance by harmful factors","author":"Klosovski BN","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"Effects of folic acid and folinic acid on pyrimethamine teratogenesis in rats","volume":"28","author":"Kudo G","year":"1988","journal-title":"Senten Ijo"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2960-6_95"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000241239"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012074903-4\/50012-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_1","first-page":"228","volume-title":"Fundamentals of cancer chemotherapy","author":"Lowe MC","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_1","first-page":"CD001056","article-title":"Periconceptional supplementation with folate and\/or multivitamins for preventing neural tube defects","volume":"3","author":"Lumley J","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-249"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-141"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0578-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(81)90088-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(07)90031-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813324","article-title":"Quinine and mefloquine in the treatment of multidrug\u2010resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy","volume":"92","author":"McGready R","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90235-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90297-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-006-0199-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.20348"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70339-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156652406776055186"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_122_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Reproductive effects of mefloquine HCl (MFQ) in rats and mice","volume":"18","author":"Minor JL","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pharmacologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(82)90266-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00547-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_125_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"The effect of 5\u2010formyltetrahydrofolic acid on pyrimethamine\u2010induced congenital abnormalities in the rat","volume":"13","author":"Morse LM","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nutr Rep Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-197"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-193806000-00001","article-title":"Does animal experimentation show similar changes in the ear of mother and fetus after the ingestion of quinine by the mother?","volume":"58","author":"Mosher HP","year":"1938","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.169"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_129_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of benflumetol given as a fixed combination artemether\u2010benflumetol (CGP 56697) in Thai patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria","volume":"19","author":"Na\u2010Bangchang K","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420370406"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_131_1","first-page":"551","article-title":"Comparative teratogenicity study of diflunisal (MK\u2010647) and aspirin in the rat","volume":"17","author":"Nakatsuka T","year":"1979","journal-title":"Oyo Yakuri"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420480208"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5748.523"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_134_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Medikamentose Pathogenese fetaler Missbildungen","author":"Neuweiler W","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_135_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"[The embryotoxicity of a new antimalarial pyronaridine in rats]","volume":"17","author":"Ni YC","year":"1982","journal-title":"Yao Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_136_1","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Clinical aspects of the teratogenicity of drugs","author":"Nishimura H","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.3.595"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515183"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157488606775252584"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080008753.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730060-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_142_1","unstructured":"Pharmacia and Upjohn Co.2008.Cleocin Phosphate (clindamycin phosphate) injection solution product label. Available at:http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2008\/050441s053 050639s015lbl.pdf. Accessed August 21 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_143_1","unstructured":"Pharmaderm.2009.Clindamax vaginal cream product label. Available at:https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d952e542\u2010d040\u201042ec\u2010b40e\u2010198195bfe8d0. Accessed January 7 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199614030-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.1998.tb00484.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11532990-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084976"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2005.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9574LSF"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00154-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_151_1","first-page":"238","article-title":"Does quinine given to a woman while pregnant have any effect upon the fetus?","volume":"10","author":"Roberts JB","year":"1870","journal-title":"Richmond Louisville Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.32.1.115","article-title":"Hearing loss in infants and preschool children. II. Etiological considerations","volume":"32","author":"Robinson GC","year":"1963","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-225"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415680a"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02308461"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_156_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"[Experimental study of the effects of quinine on the rat, rabbit and dog fetus]","volume":"26","author":"Savini EC","year":"1971","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_157_1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Human developmental toxicants \u2010 aspects of toxicology and chemistry","author":"Schardein JL","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt19701113"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis215"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis611"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)27910-1","article-title":"A comparison of the teratogenic activity of thalidomide in rabbits and rats","volume":"160","author":"Schumacher H","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_162_1","first-page":"G515","article-title":"Intestinal transport of 5\u2010methyltetrahydrofolate","volume":"246","author":"Selhub J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_163_1","first-page":"428","article-title":"A review of antimalarial drug pyronaridine","volume":"103","author":"Shao BR","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_164_1","volume-title":"Catalog of teratogenic agents","author":"Shepard T.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(99)70010-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_166_1","first-page":"865","article-title":"Quinine as an unofficial contraceptive \u2013 concerns about safety and efficacy","volume":"88","author":"Smit JA","year":"1998","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5245(98)90245-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517315"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443619867038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000951107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_171_1","volume-title":"Methods in mammalian embryology","author":"Staples R","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019048-199612000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420040212"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S34683"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.230938"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_178_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Effects on macaque embryos of drugs reported or suspected to be teratogenic to humans","volume":"166","author":"Tanimura T","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_179_1","first-page":"122","article-title":"Discussions on the suspected teratogenicity of quinine to humans","volume":"6","author":"Tanimura T","year":"1972","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00683-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_181_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Does quinine as used in induction of labor injure the ear of the fetus?","volume":"20","author":"Taylor HM","year":"1933","journal-title":"J Fla Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_182_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparing rat and rabbit embryo\u2010fetal developmental toxicity data for 379 pharmaceuticals: on systemic dose and developmental effects","volume":"21","author":"Theunissen PT","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)38924-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-87-21448"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-015-0101-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420350316"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199804)250:4<426::AID-AR5>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_188_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Sulfadoxine\u2010pyrimethamine embryopathy in Wistar rats","volume":"73","author":"Uche\u2010Nwachi EO","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kaibogaku Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2014.944499"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78966-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(38)90993-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20092"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20157"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/9781841848211.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230252824699"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2850-6_2","volume-title":"Handbook of teratology. Vol 1. General principles and etiology","author":"Wilson JG","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_198_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO)\/RBM.2001.Antimalarial Drug Combination Therapy: Report of a WHO Technical Consultation 4\u20105 April 2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_199_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).2002.Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements. Food SND Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome Italy."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_200_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).2003.Assessment of the safety of artemisinin compounds in pregnancy. WHO\/CDS\/MAL\/2003.1094; WHO\/RBM\/TDR\/Artemisinin\/03.1. Available at:www.who.int\/tdr\/publications\/publications\/artemisinin\u2010pregn.htm. Accessed April 10 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_201_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_202_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_203_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).2015b.Pregnancy childbirth postpartum and newborn care A guide for essential practice (3rd edition). Available at:http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/249580\/1\/9789241549356\u2010eng.pdf?ua=1Accessed December 7 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-4520.1984.tb00010.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23514"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068274"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdr2.1035","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.1035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:38:53Z","timestamp":1750379933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdr2.1035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]]},"references-count":206,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdr2.1035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.1035","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1727","2472-1727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-1727","type":"print"},{"value":"2472-1727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]]}}}