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Embryonic development is sensitive to oxidative stress, with redox potentials playing critical roles in progenitor cell fate decisions. Because pancreatic beta cells have been reported to have low antioxidant gene expression, they may be sensitive targets of oxidative stress. We tested the hypotheses that butylparaben causes oxidative stress in the developing embryo, and that pancreatic beta cells are a sensitive target of butylparaben embryotoxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Transgenic\n                      <jats:italic>insulin:GFP<\/jats:italic>\n                      zebrafish embryos (\n                      <jats:italic>Danio rerio)<\/jats:italic>\n                      were treated daily with 0, 250, 500, 1,000, and 3,000 nM butylparaben. Pancreatic islet and whole embryo development were examined though 7 days postfertilization, and gene expression was measured by quantitative real\u2010time PCR. Glutathione (GSH) and cysteine redox content were measured at 28 hr postfertilization using HPLC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Butylparaben exposure caused intestinal effusion, pericardial edema, and accelerated yolk utilization. At 250 nM, beta cell area increased by as much as 55%, and increased incidence of two aberrant morphologies were observed\u2010fragmentation of the islet cluster and ectopic beta cells. Butylparaben concentrations of 500 and 1,000 nM increased GSH by 10 and 40%, respectively. Butylparaben exposure downregulated transcription factor\n                      <jats:italic>pdx1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , as well as genes involved in GSH synthesis, while upregulating GSH\u2010disulfide reductase (\n                      <jats:italic>gsr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The endocrine pancreas is a sensitive target of embryonic exposure to butylparaben, which also causes developmental deformities and perturbs redox conditions in the embryo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]],"date-time":"2018-03-08T01:26:54Z","timestamp":1520472414000},"page":"933-948","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Pancreatic beta cells are a sensitive target of embryonic exposure to butylparaben in zebrafish (\n                    <i>Danio rerio<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St Amherst Massachusetts 01003\u20109303"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karilyn E.","family":"Sant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St Amherst Massachusetts 01003\u20109303"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shana M.","family":"Fleischman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St Amherst Massachusetts 01003\u20109303"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Venezia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St Amherst Massachusetts 01003\u20109303"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika A.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St Amherst Massachusetts 01003\u20109303"},{"name":"Biotechnology Training Program University of Massachusetts Amherst  Massachusetts 01003"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1215 W. Cumberland Ave., 229 Jessie Harris Building Knoxville Tennessee 37996\u20101920"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8835-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia R.","family":"Timme\u2010Laragy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. 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