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Current surgical treatments commonly require the use of autogenous graft material which are difficult to shape, limited in supply, associated with donor site morbidity and cannot grow with a maturing skeleton. Our group has demonstrated that 3D printed bio\u2010ceramic scaffolds can generate vascularized bone within large, critical\u2010sized defects (defects too large to heal spontaneously) of the craniomaxillofacial skeleton. Furthermore, these scaffolds are also able to function as a delivery vehicle for a new osteogenic agent with a well\u2010established safety profile. The same 3D printers and imaging software platforms have been leveraged by our team to create sterilizable patient\u2010specific intraoperative models for craniofacial reconstruction. For microtia repair, the current standard of care surgical guide is a two\u2010dimensional drawing taken from the contralateral ear. Our laboratory has used 3D printers and open source software platforms to design personalized microtia surgical models. In this review, we report on the advancements in tissue engineering principles, digital imaging software platforms and 3D printing that have culminated in the application of this technology to repair large bone defects in skeletally immature transitional models and provide in\u2010house manufactured, sterilizable patient\u2010specific models for craniofacial reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T06:39:40Z","timestamp":1526884780000},"page":"1055-1064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The role of 3D printing in treating craniomaxillofacial congenital anomalies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8760-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials NYU College of Dentistry New York New York"},{"name":"Hansj\u00f6rg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery NYU Langone Health New York New York"},{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Witek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials NYU College of Dentistry New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Torroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hansj\u00f6rg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery NYU Langone Health New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto L.","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hansj\u00f6rg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery NYU Langone Health New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Demissie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials NYU College of Dentistry New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce N.","family":"Cronstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine NYU Langone Health New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo G.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials NYU College of Dentistry New York New York"},{"name":"Hansj\u00f6rg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery NYU Langone Health New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Administration U. 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