{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T11:27:20Z","timestamp":1781522840549,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) affect ~1% of newborns and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. We present the clinical epidemiology of CHD as seen in a large university medical center in Nigeria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were 767 children with echocardiographically confirmed CHD seen over a 5\u2010year period at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical presentation was often late with just over half (58.1%) presenting in infancy. The male:female distribution was 1:1. The predominant types of cardiac lesion seen were septal defects (43%), conotruncal defects (23.7%), atrioventricular septal defects (9.8%), and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (7.3%). Cyanotic CHD was seen in 28.4% of cases and the single most common cyanotic CHD was Tetralogy of Fallot (13.4%). Children with cyanotic CHD were older (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .002), had more severe lesions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001) and were more likely to have cardiac intervention (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001). Extracardiac malformations were present in nearly one\u2010third of the children. Syndromes associated with CHD were identified in 15.5% of the children and included Down syndrome (11.9%), congenital rubella syndrome (1.0%), and Marfan syndrome (0.7%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is a large case series of CHD from a single site in sub\u2010Saharan Africa utilizing clinical, epidemiological, and developmental considerations. It provides a rich and up\u2010to\u2010date description of the clinical epidemiology of CHD in Nigerian children while yielding data that could be useful for designing genetic, molecular, and biomarker studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T11:19:06Z","timestamp":1537355946000},"page":"1233-1240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Clinical epidemiology of congenital heart disease in Nigerian children, 2012\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8257-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekanem N.","family":"Ekure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Lagos\/Lagos University Teaching Hospital  Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nnenna","family":"Kalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Lagos University Teaching Hospital  Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ogochukwu J.","family":"Sokunbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Lagos University Teaching Hospital  Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kruszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Branch National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akinsanya D.","family":"Olusegun\u2010Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine University of Lagos\/Lagos University Teaching Hospital  Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond","family":"Ikebudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, College of Medicine University of Lagos  Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, College of Medicine University of Lagos  Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Muenke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Branch National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebowale","family":"Adeyemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2069.197069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444398786.ch72"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(78)90941-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botto L. 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