{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:10:40Z","timestamp":1790745040741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006087","name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DD001032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DD001032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DD001032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DD001032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genitourinary infections (GUIs) are common among sexually active women. Yet, little is known about the risk of birth defects associated with GUIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multisite, population\u2010based, case\u2013control study, we assessed self\u2010reported maternal GUIs in the month before through the third month of pregnancy (periconception) from 29,316 birth defect cases and 11,545 unaffected controls. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals to estimate the risk of 52 major structural birth defects associated with GUIs. We also calculated risk of birth defects associated with each type of GUI: urinary tract infection (UTI) and sexually transmitted infection (STI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our analysis, 10% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092,972) of case and 9% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091,014) of control mothers reported a periconceptional GUI. A GUI was significantly associated with 11 of the 52 birth defects examined (ORs ranging from 1.19 to 2.26): encephalocele, cataracts, cleft lip, esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia\/stenosis, small intestinal atresia\/stenosis, colonic atresia\/stenosis, transverse limb deficiency, conoventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect, and secundum atrial septal defect. A periconceptional UTI was significantly associated with nine birth defects (ORs from 1.21 to 2.48), and periconceptional STI was significantly associated with four birth defects (ORs ranging from 1.63 to 3.72).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While misclassification of GUIs in our analysis is likely, our findings suggest GUIs during the periconceptional period may increase the risk for specific birth defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T04:23:50Z","timestamp":1541564630000},"page":"1443-1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Maternal genitourinary infections and risk of birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8420-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith M.","family":"Howley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Congenital Malformations Registry New York State Department of Health  Albany New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9171-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia L.","family":"Feldkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics University of Utah Health Sciences  Salt Lake City Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni A.","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Congenital Malformations Registry New York State Department of Health  Albany New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Congenital Malformations Registry New York State Department of Health  Albany New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1872-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilyn L.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Congenital Malformations Registry New York State Department of Health  Albany New York"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health, University at Albany  Rensselaer New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the National Birth Defects Prevention 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