{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:23:36Z","timestamp":1790778216566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]],"date-time":"2019-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577491200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2 TR001862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2 TR001862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR001863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR001863"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99ES027508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99ES027508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES010126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES010126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES020619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES020619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32ES007018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32ES007018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0646083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0646083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previously we observed elevated odds ratios (ORs) for total pesticide exposure and 10 birth defects: three congenital heart defects and structural defects affecting the gastrointestinal, genitourinary and musculoskeletal systems. This analysis examines association of those defects with exposure to seven commonly applied pesticide active ingredients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases were live\u2010born singleton infants from the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program linked to birth records for 2003\u20132005; noncases served as controls (total <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009304,906). Pesticide active ingredient exposure was assigned using a previously constructed metric based on crops within 500\u2009m of residence, dates of pregnancy, and likely chemical application dates for each pesticide\u2010crop combination. ORs (95% CI) were estimated with logistic regression for categories of exposure compared to unexposed. Models were adjusted for maternal race\/ethnicity, age at delivery, education, marital status, and smoking status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Associations varied by birth defect and pesticide combinations. For example, hypospadias was positively associated with exposures to 2,4\u2010D (OR<jats:sub>50th to &lt;90th percentile<\/jats:sub>: 1.39 [1.18, 1.64]), mepiquat (OR<jats:sub>50th to &lt;90th percentile<\/jats:sub>: 1.10 [0.90, 1.34]), paraquat (OR<jats:sub>50th to &lt;90th<\/jats:sub>: 1.14 [0.93, 1.39]), and pendimethalin (OR<jats:sub>50th to &lt;90th<\/jats:sub>: 1.21 [1.01, 1.44]), but not S\u2010metolachlor (OR<jats:sub>50th to &lt;90th<\/jats:sub>: 1.00 [0.81, 1.22]). Whereas atrial septal defects were positively associated with higher levels of exposure to glyphosate, cyhalothrin, S\u2010metolachlor, mepiquat, and pendimethalin (ORs ranged from 1.22 to 1.35 for 50th to &lt;90th exposures, and 1.72 to 2.09 for &gt;90th exposures); associations with paraquat were null or inconsistent (OR 50th to &lt;90th: 1.05 (0.87, 1.27).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest differing patterns of association for birth defects with residential exposure to seven pesticide active ingredients in North Carolina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T11:24:28Z","timestamp":1545996268000},"page":"312-323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Maternal residential exposure to specific agricultural pesticide active ingredients and birth defects in a 2003\u20132005 North Carolina birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9939-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Rappazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Research Triangle Park  Research Triangle Park North Carolina"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  Research Triangle Park NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua L.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Yale School of Public Health  New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel D.","family":"Davalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services  Raleigh North Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison P.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi C.","family":"Brownstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine College of Medicine, Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida"},{"name":"Department of Statistics Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Luben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Research Triangle Park  Research Triangle Park North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"RA141","article-title":"Pesticides and oxidative stress: A review","volume":"10","author":"Abdollahi M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1196-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35815"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109851"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6259"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Pesticide exposures to children from California's Central Valley: Results of a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Bradman M. A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.08.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1429"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"CDC. (2018).Facts about birth defects. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/facts.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3153-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"EPA. (2007).2 4\u2010Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2 4\u2010D) TEACH chemical summary. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyNET.exe\/P100BNRV.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2006%20Thru%202010&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C06THRU10%5CTXT%5C00000028%5CP100BNRV.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Passwordanonymous&SortMethod=h%7C\u2010&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8\/r75g8\/x150y150g16\/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"EPA. (2018).Paraquat dichloride. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ingredients-used-pesticide-products\/paraquat-dichloride"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s3441"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-2-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199709000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(91)90105-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2010.01096.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000256320.30737.c0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23198"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Infant mortality statistics from the 2010 period linked birth\/infant death data set","volume":"62","author":"Matthews T. J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"National Vital Statistics Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2015.1020182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1849-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","unstructured":"NCSCHS. (2018).Birth Defects Monitoring Program. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.schs.state.nc.us\/units\/bdmp\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"NIOSH. (2014).The effects of workplace hazards on male reproductive health. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/96-132\/default.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23479"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23263"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.04.018"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"554","article-title":"Semen quality in relation to pesticide exposure in Missouri males","volume":"100","author":"Swan S. H.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Missouri Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6417"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","volume-title":"A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing","author":"Team R. C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated development for R","author":"Team R. S.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt324"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdr2.1448","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.1448","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/bdr2.1448","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.1448","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdr2.1448","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T14:47:48Z","timestamp":1694357268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdr2.1448"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdr2.1448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.1448","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1727","2472-1727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-1727","type":"print"},{"value":"2472-1727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-09-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-12-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}