{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:11:03Z","timestamp":1791886263064,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Benzodiazepine medications can be used to treat anxiety, a condition affecting 15% of women of childbearing age in the United States. Studies have shown conflicting results for the association between benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and birth defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 1997\u20132011 data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multisite, population\u2010based case\u2013control study. We assessed the prevalence of and factors associated with benzodiazepine use in pregnancy among mothers of live\u2010born infants without a birth defect (control mothers). We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between specific birth defects and benzodiazepine use; we estimated crude odds ratios (cORs) for defect categories with 3\u20134 exposed cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exposure to benzodiazepines during pregnancy was rare (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200993\/11,614; 0.8%). Benzodiazepine use was more common among control mothers who were \u226530\u2009years, non\u2010Hispanic white, had more education, smoked, and took antidepressant medication. We observed significantly elevated ORs for any benzodiazepine and Dandy\u2013Walker malformation (cOR: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 8.6); for alprazolam and anophthalmia or microphthalmia (cOR: 4.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 13.1) and esophageal atresia or stenosis (aOR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2, 5.9); and lorazepam and pulmonary valve stenosis (cOR: 4.1; 95% CI: 1.2, 14.2), but sample sizes were limited and therefore CIs were wide.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that benzodiazepines use is rare and may be associated with risk for certain birth defects. However, these results need replication and should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T01:21:40Z","timestamp":1553044900000},"page":"613-620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Use of benzodiazepine medications during pregnancy and potential risk for birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7610-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Tinker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennita","family":"Reefhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca H.","family":"Bitsko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Gilboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen A.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmy L.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)  Oak Ridge Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha M.","family":"Werler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl S.","family":"Broussard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"1001","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin: Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician\u2010gynecologists number 92, April 2008 (replaces practice bulletin number 87, November 2007). 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