{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:56:46Z","timestamp":1790081806974,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]],"date-time":"2019-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DE 022438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DE 022438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR000423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital condition that typically involves hypoplasia of the ear and jaw. It is often associated with adverse effects such as hearing loss and sleep\u2010disordered breathing. There is little research on its etiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a case\u2013control study from maternal interview data collected from mothers of infants with and without CFM. The study included 108 children with and 84 children without CFM. Logistic regression with adjustment for demographic factors was used to evaluate associations between maternal exposures of interest and risk for CFM overall, as well as for different phenotypic sub\u2010groups of children on the CFM spectrum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found a statistically significant association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and CFM (OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.6\u201310.5). The association was slightly attenuated after adjustment for BMI. Higher parity was also associated with increased risk for CFM (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0\u20134.0). Vitamin A consumption and\/or liver consumption was associated with a 70% lower risk compared with non\u2010users (OR 0.3, 95% 0.1\u20130.8). Maternal age at the time of pregnancy was not associated with CFM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These analyses contribute evidence linking maternal DM with an elevated risk of having an infant with CFM, which is consistent with previous research and adds to the body of knowledge about the strength of this association. Further study is warranted to understand the potential mechanisms underlying the effect of DM in the developing embryo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]],"date-time":"2019-03-30T06:57:54Z","timestamp":1553929074000},"page":"649-658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of prenatal diabetes mellitus and other risk factors for craniofacial microsomia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Babette","family":"Siebold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle Washington"},{"name":"Craniofacial Division, Seattle Children's Hospital  Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie L.","family":"Heike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle Washington"},{"name":"Craniofacial Division, Seattle Children's Hospital  Seattle Washington"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Leroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Dentistry  Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Speltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle Washington"},{"name":"Craniofacial Division, Seattle Children's Hospital  Seattle Washington"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia F.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis L.","family":"Johns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles  Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Kapp\u2010Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleft\u2010Craniofacial Center, Shriners Hospital for Children  Chicago Illinois"},{"name":"Craniofacial Center, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Magee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6059-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela V.","family":"Luquetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle Washington"},{"name":"Craniofacial Division, Seattle Children's Hospital  Seattle Washington"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2013.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2014-102476"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198512000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181f95d15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Reliable classification of facial phenotypic variation in craniofacial microsomia: A comparison of physical exam and photographs","author":"Birgfeld C. 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