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Components covered include: (a) a brief overview of EtOH metabolism and embryopathic mechanisms other than oxidative stress; (b) mechanisms within the embryo and fetal brain by which EtOH increases the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); (c) critical embryonic\/fetal antioxidative enzymes and substrates that detoxify ROS; (d) mechanisms by which ROS can alter development, including ROS\u2010mediated signal transduction and oxidative DNA damage, the latter of which leads to pathogenic genetic (mutations) and epigenetic changes; (e) pathways of DNA repair that mitigate the pathogenic effects of DNA damage; (f) related indirect mechanisms by which EtOH enhances risk, for example by enhancing the degradation of some DNA repair proteins; and, (g) embryonic\/fetal pathways like NRF2 that regulate the levels of many of the above components. Particular attention is paid to studies in which chemical and\/or genetic manipulation of the above mechanisms has been shown to alter the ability of EtOH to adversely affect development. Alterations in the above components are also discussed in terms of: (a) individual embryonic and fetal determinants of risk and (b) potential risk biomarkers and mitigating strategies. FASD risk is likely increased in progeny which\/who are biochemically predisposed via genetic and\/or environmental mechanisms, including enhanced pathways for ROS formation and\/or deficient pathways for ROS detoxification or DNA repair.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T07:42:19Z","timestamp":1556523739000},"page":"714-748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Oxidative stress and DNA damage in the mechanism of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Shama","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutfiya","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Research Institute  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2241-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter G.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1089364"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1982.tb04993.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(88)90060-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-182444"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-4-29"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602013000200007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/690878"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096200"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707815105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","volume-title":"What statistics Canada survey data sources are available to study neurodevelopmental conditions disabilities in children and youth?","author":"Arim R. 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