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Because of the deficiencies in this latter study, we performed another drinking water study to evaluate whether TCE causes heart defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Groups of 25 mated Sprague Dawley rats consumed water containing 0, 0.25, 1.5, 500, or 1,000\u2009ppm TCE from gestational day 1\u201321. TCE concentrations were measured at daily formulation, when placed into water bottles each day and when water bottles were removed from cages. Four additional mated rats per group were used for plasma measurements. At termination, fetal hearts were carefully dissected fresh and examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All TCE concentrations were\u2009&gt;90% of target when initially placed in water bottles and when bottles were placed on cages. All dams survived with no clinical signs. Rats in the two higher dose groups consumed less water\/day than other groups but showed no changes in maternal or fetal weights. The only fetal cardiac observation was small (&lt;1 mm) membranous ventricular septal defect occurring in all treated and water control groups; incidences were within the range of published findings for naive animals. TCE was not detected in maternal blood, but systemic exposure was confirmed by detecting its primary oxidative metabolite, trichloroacetic acid, although only at levels above the quantitation limit in the two higher dose groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ingesting TCE in drinking water \u22641,000\u2009ppm throughout gestation does not cause cardiac defects in rat offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T04:14:10Z","timestamp":1560485650000},"page":"1217-1233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Trichloroethylene in drinking water throughout gestation did not produce congenital heart defects in Sprague Dawley rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3134-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"DeSesso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exponent  Alexandria Virginia"},{"name":"Georgetown University School of Medicine  Washington District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pr\u00e4gati S.","family":"Coder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories  Ashland Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond G.","family":"York","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RG York &amp; Associates LLC  Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Budinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Dow Chemical Company  Midland Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn H.","family":"Pottenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olin Corporation  Midland Michigan"},{"name":"LHP Tox Consult, LLC  Midland Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiladitya","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories  Ashland Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joelle M.","family":"Lucarell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories  Ashland Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Bevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance, Inc.  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