{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:16:38Z","timestamp":1792059398959,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are being increasingly used in medical and industrial products. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxic effect of maternal exposure to SNP (1 mg\/kg\/day, 70\u2009nm) on fetal development during the first and second weeks of pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010four pregnant mice were divided into four groups. SNP was administered by oral gavage on gestational days (GD) 1\u20137, GD8\u201314, or GD1\u201314. Phosphate buffered saline was administered by oral gavage to a control group. On GD15, the uteri were excised, and fetal bodies and placentas were weighed. Head and placental circumferences and fetal crown\u2010rump length were measured, and fetuses were evaluated for external malformation. TUNEL assay was performed to assess apoptosis in the fetal midbrain. Hematoxylin\u2013eosin staining was carried out to determine changes in fetal histomorphology. Fetal liver cells were used for karyotype analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant decreases in fetal body weight, and crown\u2010rump length were observed in SNP\u2010treated groups. Exencephaly, small head, scoliosis, lordosis, short thorax and trunk, also fused digits were detected in SNPs\u2010treated groups. Fibrosis, necrosis, and apoptotic cells in fetal midbrains increased significantly in the GD8\u201314 and GD1\u201314 groups compared to the control group. Chromosomal features were not different in fetuses between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to 1 mg\/kg\/day SNP during pregnancy in mice adversely affected on fetal development. The results do suggest a potential risk for humans that needs to be followed up with more definitive investigations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T21:54:54Z","timestamp":1571262894000},"page":"81-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Toxic effects of maternal exposure to silver nanoparticles on mice fetal development during pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Mozafari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Ashkezar Islamic Azad University  Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7460-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arezoo","family":"Khoradmehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproduction Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences  Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Danafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seyedhassani Medical Sciences Center  Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Miresmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Arts University Biology department  Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mehdi","family":"Kalantar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproduction Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences  Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142905.hg0410s25"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2011.626539"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la300948n"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40199-016-0162-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.24.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.10042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Guideline I. 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