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We reviewed the current landscape of GWAS conducted for birth defects, noting novel insights, and future directions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article reviews the literature with regard to GWAS of structural birth defects. Key defects included in this review include oral clefts, congenital heart defects (CHDs), biliary atresia, pyloric stenosis, hypospadias, craniosynostosis, and clubfoot. Additionally, other issues related to GWAS are considered, including the assessment of polygenic risk scores and issues related to genetic ancestry, as well as utilizing genome\u2010wide single nucleotide polymorphism array data to evaluate gene\u2013environment interactions and Mendelian randomization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For some birth defects, including oral clefts and CHDs, several novel susceptibility loci have been identified and replicated through GWAS, including 8q24 for oral clefts, <jats:italic>DGKK<\/jats:italic> for hypospadias, and 4p16 for CHDs. Relatively common birth defects for which there are currently no published GWAS include neural tube defects, anotia\/microtia, anophthalmia\/microphthalmia, gastroschisis, and omphalocele.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, GWAS have been successful in identifying several novel susceptibility genes and genomic regions for structural birth defects. These findings have provided new insights into the etiologies of these phenotypes. However, GWAS have been underutilized for understanding the genetic etiologies of several birth defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]],"date-time":"2019-10-26T05:20:08Z","timestamp":1572067208000},"page":"1329-1342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Genome\u2010wide association studies of structural birth defects: A review and commentary"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0978-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Lupo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology\u2010Oncology Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences UTHealth School of Public Health  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4399-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary M.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.116.001449"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3374"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6602a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-012-1192-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.9503.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20595"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001573-200405000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.333"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy142"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv198"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29706"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1120"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/475163a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1607"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2003.00536.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Update on overall prevalence of major birth defects\u2014Atlanta, Georgia, 1978\u20102005","volume":"57","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR. 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